• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 1999

The schools in the survey consisted of 61 schools where foodservice was managed by themselves and 49 schools where it was done cooperatively. According to the style managed, the urban style was 42 schools, the rural style was 46, and the island style was 22. With regard to the amount for each student that parents have to pay. it was 745 won at schools managed by themselves and 616 won at schools managed cooperatively. The budgeted amount was 75 won at schools managed by themselves and 97 won at schools managed cooperatively. The result showed that parents at schools managed for themselves paid much more for the cost of food and management. The mean area of kitchens was 31 pyong (102 sq. meters) in environment of cooking utilities, and management was done wherever they were needed. The budgeted amount was supplied from the Educational Office and parents. In the situation of utilities and instruments for cooking, the places to wash hands and flush toilets, which were regarded as sanitary facilities were insufficient. The rates of containing measuring instruments and thermometers for cooking were also insufficient. The list to be considered in the management of menu was concentrated on raising acceptance of students served, based on the order of the tastes of students served, the quantity of the cost, nutrition needed, and then facilities. The replies that leftover food was thrown away after meals were numerous and the rate of leftover food was reflected on the menu. In purchase and management, the rate of food needed to be purchased was calculated through experience. A private contract was chosen to purchase food. The frequency of purchasing food was usually once a day, which would nutritists examined food, concentrating on the order of quality, number, and price. In the management of operation, a schedule for making food was seldom formed, referring to it only at the time needed. All the food was made in a day but some special foods were made the day before they would be required. It shows the situation was thought to be the most important. Guidance for sanitation was carried out once a month and the content of the guidance was about the sanitary treatment of food. With regard to degree of satisfaction with the management of meal service, all the dietitian at schools managed for themselves and cooperatively were somewhat satisfied with all the questions about the budgeted amount of food, and management, the management of purchase, operation, and sanitation. However, they were not satisfied with the environment of facilities.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.47-67
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• 2007

This paper aims at suggesting several ways lo change financial vulnerability and to improve managerial capability of local public hospitals (LPHs) in Korea through the identification of factors affecting profitability. Several findings of the research are as follows: To begin with, LPHs exhibited a statistically significant difference in their profitability from one another, according to tile analyses of their profitable margins from tile general characteristics. It depends on the number of hospitals in the area, the population of the hospital-built area, the number of competing hospitals, the number of staff per 100 beds, the opening of special clinic, the educational function, and the capacity of rooms. However, there was no variable in the managerial characteristics, presenting a significant difference, in contrast with hospitals which have been managed by private companies and made a great amount of profits. Second, according to the analyses of profit differences in behavioral effort-characteristics, a statistically significant difference was revealed upon the basis of the efforts to improve the clinic service, invite special patients, and shorten the period of being hospitalized. Third, the result of analyses about the difference of profitability from medical care and finance is statistically significant in the rate of labor cost, the rate of management cost, bed-occupancy rate, and the period of being hospitalized. Fourth, according to the analyses of the factors influencing the net profit ratio of the entire capital, Adjusted explanatory power(Adjusted $R^2$) was shown up to 65.2%, which is high. To compare the adjusted explanatory power stage by stage, the first stage model applying only two variables such as structural and strategic characteristics exhibited 23.8%, and the second stage model adding financial characteristics showed 51.5%. The explanatory power was much improved up to 65.2% when the third stage model incorporated the outcome of medical care performance. When the return on investment(ROI) was examined by using the multi-variate linear regression analysis at the final model of third stage, it was found that ROI had a positive relationship with the increase rate of patients, labor costs per doctor, and medical care rate of socially protected inpatients. However, it revealed that ROI had a negative relationship with the ratio of labor costs, the number of patients per managerial staff, and occupancy rate of rooms, respectively. The research suggests that in order for LPHs to increase profitability, LPH, should make efforts not only to attract patients to the hospitals without any discrimination of the patients depending on their financial status, but also to develop efficient management methods to reduce labor costs.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.471-476
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• 2020

We propose an practical embodiment-based programming training course for middle school students using Arduino and conduct survey before and after the curriculum. Arduino is an open source physical computing platform that integrates the IDE used in processing language. It is a low-cost, relatively simple I/O interface compared to other platforms, and because of its practical formability, it is educational material suitable for programming. Subsequent surveys will provide feedback on changes in cognition of programming needs and improvement in thinking skills. In this study, the program based on embody-based programming using Arduino was conducted for 8 weeks for each first grade, and 112 middle school students for two years from '16 to '17. Based on the theoretical and practical training, the training was based on the application of the ultrasonic sensor to the RC car and the preparation of the adduction quadrotor drone. The purpose of this study is to prove that the recognition, necessity, and programming education of middle school students are effective for the improvement of thinking ability through the program based on embody-based programming using Arduino.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.113-136
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• 2010

Low fertility has become quite commonplace worldwide, and Europe has experienced below replacement fertility for several decades. In addition, lowest-low fertility, defined as period total fertility rate below 1.3, has rapidly spread in Europe during the 1990s and is likely to expand further. After the turn of century, lowest-low fertility started spreading in Eastern Asia. Korea's TFR of 1.19 in 2008 is lower than most European countries, although it is higher than the Hongkong(1.02) and Taiwan(1.09). The purpose of this paper is to examine the socioeconomic determinants of lowest-low fertility in Korea. In doing so, this paper discusses the effects of female labour force participation, labour instability on family formation and fertility. The data includes female labour force participation rate, unemployment rate, age at first marriage, and total fertility rate from 1980 to 2008. First, the economic recession hindered young people's economic independence and propensity to marry. Married couples were also depressed with uncertainty toward the future and avoided to have children. Second, the growth in female labor force participation had a negative impact on fertility, under the low level of compatibility between women's work and childrearing. Moreover, this paper argues that the rising cost of children including public and private educational costs is thought to be the main reason of the recent low fertility in Korea. Policy implications and some comments on population policies are also presented in the final section.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.43-53
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• 2007

e-Learning education system as the next educational trend supporting remote and multimedia education. However, the students stay mainly at remote place and it is hard to certificate whether he is really studying now or not. To solve this problem, some solutions were proposed such as instructor's supervision by real time motion picture or message exchanging. Unhappily, as you can see, it needs much cost to establish the motion exchanging system and trampling upon human rights could occasion to reduce the student's will. Accordingly, we propose the new intelligent system based on face recognition to reduce the system cost. The e-Learning system running on the web page can check the student's status by motion image, and the images transfer to the instructor. For this study, 20 students and one instructor takes part in capturing and recognizing the face images. And the result produces the prevention the leave of students from lecture and improvement of attention.

• (The)Korea Educational Review
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.51-79
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to critically reflect on whether the higher education(HE) restructuring & funding policy proposed by the Moon administration can properly tackle the structural problems confronting Korean HE system. The three major structural problems having entrenched during the rapid expansion of Korean HE system since 1945 can be identified as (1) a 'high cost - low efficiency system' based heavily on 4-year private universities, (2) lack of clear distinction of the roles and connection among different types of higher education institutions (HEIs), and (3) provider-oriented education system and culture seemingly still being widespread at Korean HEIs. This study analyzed the validity of Moon Administration's HE restructuring and funding policy from both a macro- and micro-perspective. From a macro-perspective, this study raised concerns regarding the projects to nurture a national university and a government-dependent private university which will require huge public money. In terms of both the feasibility to secure enough funds and the validity of the proposed policy measures in the existence of unclear roles between public and private HEIs in Korea, this study criticized these policies and proposed, as an alternative policy measure, a low-cost and flexibly operated HEIs such as a government-dependent polytechnic, and a measure to increase connection between different types of HEIs. From a micro perspective, this study suggested, based on 'the expanded principal-agent theory (Waterman & Meier, 1998)', that it would be considered to introduce a more flexible approach in designing the level of government intervention depending upon the maturity of quality assurance procedure at individual universities and the level of goal conflicts between government and individual university.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.381-391
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• 2024

This study examined the factors influencing safety scores in air conditioning installation projects, with a specific focus on the characteristics of safety managers and project-specific details. Given the increase in industrial accidents within this sector and the lack of research on smaller-scale operations, this analysis of 7,046 safety data records from Company A aimed to address this gap. The results indicate that the month of project commencement has the most significant impact on safety scores(correlation coefficient of 0.21), followed by the age of the safety manager(correlation coefficient of 0.06). Interestingly, the educational background of the managers did not appear to influence safety outcomes. Furthermore, project cost was found to have a negative correlation with safety scores(-0.1), suggesting that lower-cost projects may be associated with higher risk levels. These findings underscore the importance of developing tailored safety checklists that take into account the specific timing and scale of air conditioning installation projects. Additionally, the results suggest that incorporating both experienced(older) and less experienced(younger) safety managers into safety strategies may be beneficial for achieving optimal safety outcomes. This balanced approach could leverage the strengths of both groups, potentially enhancing overall risk assessment and mitigation efforts.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.25 no.2 s.86
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• pp.155-172
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• 2007

This study is a qualitative analysis aimed at facilitating a plan of social support for heavy debtors. for this purpose, the status of issues related to heavy debtors in Japan is considered, and more is revealed about the status of operation for non-profit organizations and groups of heavy debtor victims as counseling agencies for heavy debtors. In addition, through interviews conducted with the counselors of these organizations, a survey has been made on whether the credit counseling provides particular functions for and increases the satisfaction of debtors. The root of Japan's large number of heavy debtors lay in that country's excessive growth of consumer financing, the increase of its use, the structural problems on the lending system of consumer financing and legal insufficiency, to name of few fundamental problems. The interviews on debtor counseling in private organizations revealed that the debtors being counseled showed a great change, due primarily to group counseling and activities, in such aspects as psychological stability, learning and understanding about heavy debts and willingness to take action for solving their own problems. In addition, regarding the aspects of time and cost, specialty, mutual exchange of experienced persons, psychological care and educational functions, the importance of the debtor counseling group's role has been established. To improve the problems of heavy debtors in Korea, there is a need to promote the importance of debtor counseling increase the interest and support of the administration, create a sense of solidarity among related organizations and promote public education on consumer credit. The support of the consumer credit industry and the development of human resources are also badly needed.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-61
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to assess pregnant women's knowledge of, attitude to, and satisfaction with prenatal ultrasound and to determine the factors that influence their perception. A self-administered questionnaire survey was completed by two hundred eighty five pregnant women who visited the obstetric departments of three hospitals located in Seoul from October 17, 2000 to October 28, 2000. The major results are as follows. 1. Overall, the respondents did not fully understand the purpose of prenatal ultrasound. 92.2% of respondents stated that the main purpose of prenatal ultrasound was to check the fetus' age, growth and development but only 44.5% of respondents were aware of the fact that chromosomal abnormalities cannot be diagnosed only by prenatal ultrasound. The majority of respondents were aware of the diagnostic limitations of ultrasound. 2. While the majority of respondents were aware of the importance of pre-examination information, only 31.8% of respondents received such information from their health care providers. 3. Regarding the examination quality, 80.3% of respondents were satisfied with the competency of the examination. But more than 50% of respondents stated the cost and waiting time were not acceptable. 4. The knowledge of, attitude to, and satisfaction with prenatal ultrasound showed statistically significant differences according to the characteristics of each hospital. 5. From multiple regression analysis, the major components for knowledge of prenatal ultrasound were characteristics of hospitals, religion, income and gestational age. The major components for attitude toward prenatal ultrasound were characteristics of hospitals, religion and gestational age. The major components for satisfaction with prenatal ultrasound were characteristics of hospitals, income and drinking during the pregnancy. In conclusion, the respondents' perception of prenatal ultrasound is considerably low. More effective educational material or programs with prenatal ultrasound information should be provided to pregnant women prior to prenatal ultrasound examination. New strategies such as process reengineering are recommendable to increase the satisfaction with prenatal ultrasound.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.180-191
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• 2014

In this study, a geological field trip learning program using 3 Dpanorama virtual reality (PVR) techniques is developed to learn about the Chaeseokgang area located in a national park near Byeonsan-bando, Jeonbuk, Korea. The developed $360^{\circ}{\times}180^{\circ}$ PVR program can show every face of observational points and interact as zoom-in, zoom-out and image rotation. For the educational effects of the materials, it is provided with a compass, a protractor for measuring the dip of strata and observation of specimen of observational points. It also assists students to learn by providing enlarged images, pop-up windows, and expert explanation main observational points. The program is applied to the class of 35 gifted students in middle school to investigate the effectiveness of the program. The results showed that positive responses of the students were 85% or more. It is suggests that this program be used as indirect situated learning material and a solution to geological field trip problems like cost, safety, distance, and so on geological learning of middle school science.