• Clean Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.154-160
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• 2016

For any conceivable desalination process using the gas hydrate formation, the kinetics has to be one of the most important parameters from the economic point of view. We thus were to improve the kinetics of the R-134a (also known as HFC-134a) gas hydrate formation by using promoters and three different kinds of edible surfactants were selected for the desalination process targeted to produce potable water; κ-carrageenan, lecithin, and polysorbate 80 among anionic, amphoteric, and nonionic surfactants, respectively. Then, the kinetics change of the R-134a hydrate formation was monitored by varying the surfactant concentration. Experimental results demonstrated that the rate of R-134a hydrate formation increases with the addition of edible surfactants in general and the effect as a promotor has an order of polysorbate 80 > κ-carrageenan > lecithin. As a supportive measure, the atomic charges of each surfactant were calculated by using a DFT (density functional theory)-based molecular modeling and the results showed a positive relationship between the promotor effect of each surfactant and the number of oxygens available for hydrogen bonding and the negativity of their atomic charge values.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.39-54
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• 1994

I am going to survey major topics relating to the title by analyzing the following statistical data. 1 : Global trend of production and import of oil and relating materials 2 : Global trend of major oil production 3 : Capacity of Japanese factory for oil production 4 : Situation of mechanical expression based on raw materials 5 : Change of production amounts of Oil products 6 : Oil production of each items 7 : Imported amounts of oil products 8 : Vegetable oil meals, production, import and global trend 9 : Production of mayonnaise, dressing and edible processing oils 10 : Intake of nutrients, supply of lipids, and consumption of oils 11 : Global production of oleochemicals 12 : Sales amount of oleochemicals 13 : Capacities of fatty acid and fatty alcohol factories 14 : Oleochemical production in 1995 15 : Oleochemical procuction in asia 16 : Production of surfactants for industrial use 17 : Sales amount of detergents and washing materials 18 : Production of soap and synthetic detergent in Japan 19 : Consumption of soap. detergent, and synthetic detergent 20: Relation beween synthetic detergent production and popularization 21 : Biodegradability of soft detergent