• Mycobiology
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2016

The genets of Suillus granulatus in a Pinus strobus stand ($13m{\times}60m$) were identified using random amplified polymorphic DNA molecular markers and the DNA of mushrooms that fruited for two years, and variations in genet size and distribution were analyzed. From a total of 116 mushrooms, 73 genets were identified and were grouped into three locations. The genets of mushrooms in close proximity differed from each other. The genet sizes varied at any of the three locations. The lengths of the identified genets in the pine stand ranged from 0.09 to 2.90 m. The average number of mushrooms per genet was 1.2 to 2.3, and the percentage of genets that were represented by a single mushroom was 44% to 94%. This variation in the genets of mushrooms in close proximity suggests that the ectomycorrhizal mycelial bodies of S. granulatus propagated sexually by fusing haploid spores derived from the mushrooms gills with below-ground mycelia. Therefore, it is necessary further to investigate the formation of new genets through spores in ectomycorrhizal fungal colonies.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.483-489
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• 2008

Nine newly isolated mushroom strains were tested to assess both their zinc tolerance and potential for zinc removal from an aqueous solution. Four strains of ectomycorrhizal fungi, namely Clavariadelphus truncatus (T 192), Rhizopogon roseolus (T 21), Lepista nuda (T 373), and Tricholoma equestre (T 174), along with five strains of white rot fungi, Lenzites betulina (S 2), Trametes hirsuta (T 587), Ganoderma spp. (T 99), Polyporus arcularius (T 438), and Ganoderma carnosum (M 88), were investigated using zinc-amended solid and liquid media. Their biosorption properties were also determined. The colony diameter and dry weight were used as tolerance indices for fungal growth. C. truncatus and T. equestre were not strongly inhibited at the highest concentrations of (225 mg/l) zinc in solid media. The most tolerant four strains with solid media, C. truncatus, G carnosum, T. hirsuta, and T. equestre, were then chosen for tolerance tests in liquid media. An ectomycorrhizal strain, C. truncatus, was also detected as the most tolerant strain in liquid media. However, the metal-tolerant strains demonstrated weak activity in the biosorption studies. In contrast, the highest biosorption activity was presented by a more sensitive strain, G. carnosum. In addition, seven different biosorbent types from G. carnosum (M 88) were compared for their Zn (II) biosorption in batch experiments.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.150-158
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• 2014

4종의 외생균근균이 MMN 배지상에서 7종 단소원에 대한 이용능력을 조사하였다. 60일간 순수배양한 결과, 다색벚꽃버섯(KFRI 1987), 향버섯, 접시껄껄이그물버섯(KFRI 1194), 송이(KFRI 1256)는 dextrin에서 균사 생장이 우수하였다. 다색벚꽃버섯, 향버섯(KFRI 1676), 접시껄껄이그물버섯은 pectin에서 균사 생장이 가장 낮았다. 송이(KFRI 1256)를 제외한 7개의 균주들은 heteroglycan(pectin)보다 homoglycan계 탄소원(starch, dextrin)의 이용률이 더 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 균 배양 후 배지의 pH 값은 배양 전보다 최소 1.1~최대 3.0 범위까지 감소하였다. 외생균근균 배양체의 형태적 특징을 조사한 결과, 모든 탄소원 시험배지에서 백색 균사체가 우세하였으나 탄소원의 종류에 따라 황색, 갈색, 자주색 계열의 다양한 균사체가 관찰되었다. 접시껄껄이그물버섯은 4~5종류의 탄소원에서 single colony의 형태로 생장한 반면, 이외 대부분의 균주들은 6종의 탄소원에서 multiple colony의 형태로 생장하였다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to understand spatio-temporal changes of active fungal biomass and water in Tricholoma matsutake soil colonies during the mushroom fruiting season. The active fungal biomass was estimated by analyzing ergosterol content at four different points within four replicated locations in a single circular T. matsutake colony at Ssanggok valley in the Sogri Mt. National Park in Korea during 2003 to 2005. The four points were the ahead of the colony, the front edge of the colony and 20 cm and 40 cm back from the front edge of the colony. Ergosterol content was 0.0 to 0.7 ${\mu}g$ per gram dried soil at the ahead, 2.5 to 4.8 ${\mu}g$ at the front edge, 0.5 to 1.8 ${\mu}g$ at the 20 cm back and 0.3 to 0.8 ${\mu}g$ at the 40 cm back. The ergosterol content was very high at the front edge where the T. matsutake hyphae were most active. However, ergosterol content did not significantly change during the fruiting season, September to October. Soil water contents were lower at the front edge and 20 cm back from the front edge of the colony than at the ahead and 40 cm back during the fruiting season. Soil water content ranged from 12 to 19% at the ahead, 10 to 11% at the edge, 9 to 11% at the 20 cm back and 11 to 15% at the 40 cm back. Our results suggest that the active front edge of the T. matsutake soil colony could be managed in terms of water relation and T. matsutake ectomycorrhizal root development.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 2003

Water is critically important for Tricholoma matsutake(Tm) growth because it is the major component of the mushroom by over 90%. The mushroom absorbs water through the below ground hyphal colony. Therefore, the objectives of our study were to investigate spatio-temporal water changes in Tm colonies. This study was carried out at Tm fruiting sites in Sogni Mt National Park, where the below-ground mushroom colonies have been irrigated. To identify spatial water status within the Tm soil colony soil moisture and ergosterol content were measured at six positions including a mushroom fruiting position on the line of the colony radius. To investigate temporal soil moisture changes in the soil colony, Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR) sensors were established at the non-colony and colony front edge, and water data were recorded with CR10X data logger from late August to late October. Before irrigation, whereas it was 12.8% at non-colony, the soil water content within Tm colony was 8.0% at 0-5cm from the colony front edge, 6.2% at 10-15cm and 6.5-7.5% at 20-40cm. And the content was 12.1% at 80cm distance from the colony edge, which is similar to that at the non-colony. In contrast, ergosterol content which is proportional to the live hyphal biomass was only 0.4${\mu}g$/g fresh soil at the uncolonized soil, while 4.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g fresh soil at the front edge where the hyphae actively grow, and 3.8 ${\mu}g$/g fresh soil at the fruiting position, l.1${\mu}g$/g at 20cm distance and 0.4${\mu}g$/g in the 40cm rear area. Generally, in the Tm fungal colony the water content changes were reversed to the ergosterol content changes. While the site was watered during August to October, the soil water contents were 13.5∼23.0% within the fungal colony, whereas it was 14.5∼26.0% at the non-colony. That is, soil water content in the colony was lower by 1.0∼3.0% than that in the non-colonized soil. Our results show that Tm colony consumes more soil water than other parts. Especially the front 30cm within the hyphal colony parts is more critical for soil water absorption.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2015년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.16-16
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• 2015

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushrooms play a major role in plant growth promotion through symbiotic association with roots of forest trees. They also provide an economically important food resource to us and therefore they have been studied for their artificial cultivation for decades in Korea. We have secured bio-resources of ECM mushrooms from Korean forests and performed their physiological studies. To investigate the cultural characteristics, the fungi were cultured under different conditions (medium, temperature, pH of the medium, inorganic nitrogen source). More than 90% of total 160 strains grew on three solid media (potato dextrose agar, PDA; sabouraud dextrose agar, SDA; modified Melin-Norkrans medium, MMN). The rate of mycelial growth on malt extract agar (MEA) was lower than those of three media (PDA, SDA, MMN). None of the Tricholomataceae strains grew on MEA. Many strains of ECM mushrooms were able to grow at the temperature range of $15{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ on PDA, while they showed poor growth at $10^{\circ}C$ or $30^{\circ}C$. In particular, the growth rates of both Gomphaceae and Tricholomataceae were significantly lower at $10^{\circ}C$ than at $30^{\circ}C$. The optimal pH of many strains was pH 5.0 when they cultured in potato dextrose broth (PDB). Fifty-seven percent of tested strains grew well on medium containing ammonium source than nitrate source. Many strains of Tricholomataceae showed a notable growth on ammonium medium than nitrate medium. Twenty-three percent of strains preferred nitrate source than ammonium source for their mycelial growth. The production and activity of two enzymes (cellulase and laccase) by ECM fungi were also assayed on the enzyme screening media containing CMC or ABTS. Each strains exhibited different levels of enzymatic activities as well as enzyme production. The number of laccase-producing strains was less than that of cellulase-producing strains. We found that 77% of tested strains produced both cellulase and laccase, whereas 2% of strains did not produce any enzymes. The morphological characteristics of mycelial colony were also examined on four different solid media. Yellow was a dominant color in mycelial colony and followed by white and brown on all culture media. ECM mushrooms formed mycelial colonies with a single or multiple colors within a culture medium depending on the strains and culture media. The most common shape of mycelial colony was a circular form on all media tested. Other families except for Amanitaceae formed an irregular colony on MMN than PDA. All strains of Tricholomataceae did not form a filamentous colony on all media. The pigmentation of culture media by mycelial colonies was observed in more than 50% of strains tested on both PDA and SDA. The degree of pigmentation on PDA or SDA was higher than MMN and brown color was dominant than yellow color. The production of exudates from mycelial colony was higher on PDA than MMN. Brown exudates were mainly produced by many strains on PDA or SDA, whereas transparent exudates were mainly produced by strains on MMN. We observed the mycelial colonies with a single or multiple textures in just one culture plate. Wrinkled or uneven colony surfaces were remarkably observed in many strains on PDA or SDA, while an even colony surface was observed in many strains on MMN. Sixty percent of Tricholomaceae strains formed wrinkled surface on PDA. However, they did not form any wrinkle on MMN plate. Cottony texture was observed in mycelia colonies of many strains. Velvety texture was often observed in the mycelial colonies on SDA than PDA and accounted for 60% of Suillaceae strains on SDA.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제89권3호
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• pp.389-396
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• 2000

송이(Tricholoma matsutake, Songyi, pine mushroom)는 소나무(Pinus densiflora) 뿌리에 공생(共生)하는가, 아니면 기생(寄生)하는가를 알기 위하여 자연산 송이 균환(菌環) 내에서 균환선단, 송이발생지점, 균환 후단으로 구분하여 채집한 송이 균근(菌根)의 시간적-공간적 구조변화를 조사하였다. 송이는 소나무의 가장 가는 뿌리에 균투와 하티그 망을 형성하는 전형적인 외생균근(外生菌根)이다. 송이 균근(菌根)의 중요한 특징(特徵)은, 공간적으로는 소나무 뿌리의 정단부가 계속 생장함에 따라 송이 균근(菌根) 또한 왕성하게 정단부로 자라나간다. 그리고 시간적으로는 이미 형성된 균근(菌根)부분에서는 표피세포와 피층세포가 하티그 망과 함께 사멸하므로 뿌리표면이 흑갈색으로 주름이 진다. 그렇지만 송이균이 피층세포 내로 들어간 흔적은 없으며, 내피세포층 이상의 안쪽, 즉 뿌리의 통도조직으로 침입하여 들어간 흔적이 없이 정단분열조직은 살아있다. 이 정단부는 송이균이 사라지면서 들어오는 새로운 균과 균근을 형성한다. 그러므로 송이와 소나무의 관계는 단순한 공생(共生)이나 기생(寄生)이기 보다는 시간(時間)과 공간적(空間的)으로 공생(共生) 지점이 뿌리의 생장과 함께 옮겨가는 다이내믹한 외생균근(外生菌根) 공생(共生)관계라고 결론 짓는다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제87권3호
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• pp.429-444
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• 1998

Picea mariana 생장을 억제하는 Kalmia angustifolia에 영향을 주는 외생근균을 조사 선발하였다. 11개 외생근균중에서 19계통을 선발하여 Kalmia 잎침출물이 들어있는 배지에 P. mariana 치묘와 함께 근균을 접종하여 자라는 형태와 생장양상을 조사하였다. Kalmia 잎추출물을 첨가한 액체배지에서는 균사의 건중량을, 한천배지에서는 코로니의 직경을 측정한 결과 분리된 9개 균주에서는 현저하게 억제되었으나 나머지 10개 균주에서는 반대로 증가되거나 Kalmia의 영향이 나타나지 않았다. 배양배지의 pH가 3-4일 때는 생장을 억제 받는 근균도 있었으나 pH와 잎침출물을 조합한 조건하에서는 더욱 강하게 억제되었다. 분리된 13개 계통은 순수배양에서 Kalmia 잎침출물 25%와 함께 배양한 P. mariana에서 외생근균이 형성되었다. Paxillus involutus(NF4), Cenococcum geophilum(GB12), Laccaria laccata(GB23), E-strain(GB45)계통에서는 Kalmia 잎추출물 50%에서 배양한 결과 다른 계통보다 많은 외생근균이 형성이 되었다. 이러한 근균을 미리 접종한 P. mariana를 Kalmia 잎추출물과 같이 배양한 후 온실 안에서 4개월동안 Kalmia와 갈이 재배하였다. P. involutus, L. laccata 와 E-strain 미리 접종한 치묘에서는 많은 근균(흡수근외 77-91%)이 형성되었으나 C. geophilum를 미리 접종한 치묘에서는 근균이 비교적(흡수근의 32%) 적게 형성되었다. 외생균근이 대부분의 치묘에서 생겼음에도 불구하고 근균의 90% 이상이 접종근균에서 생겨났다. 근균의 지속적인 생장은 살아있는 Kalmia 식물개체에 영향을 받지 않았다. P. involutus, L.laccata와 E-strain과 같이 처리한 치묘 근균의 80% 이상과 C. geophilum을 처리한 치묘 근균의 53%가 접종된 균주의 영향을 받았다. 대조구에서는 토착균주에 의해 약 45%의 짧은 뿌리의 외생근균이 형성되었다. L. laccata와 C. geophidum는 Kalmia잎추출물과 같이 배양한 치묘의 근균행성을 촉진하였다. 균주를 접종한 경우 근균형성율은 pH5보다 pH4에서 4-15% 더 낮았으며 L. laccata를 접종한 경우 심하게 억제되었다. P. involtus에 접종한 치묘는 L. laccata를 E-strain를 접종한 치묘보다 줄기와 뿌리생장이 가장 높게 나타났다. P. involtus와 L. laccata를 접종한 치묘는 대조구의 치묘보다는 건중량이 많고 키가 훨씬 컸다. E-strain에 접종한 치묘는 대조구와 비교해서 1차 측근 수가 매우 작았으며 줄기 건중량은 매우 높게 나타났으나 다른 형질, 예를 들면 흡수근, 뿌리 건중량, 수고 등은 대조구와 크게 다르지 않았으나 C. geophilum에 접종한 치묘는 1차 측근수를 제외한 다른 생장 특징에서는 대조구와 크게 다르지 않았다.