• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.13-31
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• 2019

Green spaces are recognised for the benefits. They bring to the quality of people's lives. However, since the 1980s there has been a general increase in poorly-managed green spaces. In an attempt to address this issue, green space policy has changed its focus on green space management through the gradual introduction of green space evaluation tools, such as the Green Flag Award (GFA). The GFA, as an established green space evaluation tool in the UK, reflects a shift in policy drivers of green spaces management. However, there is a lack of research investigating the contextualisation between a wide range of policy contexts and such green space evaluation tools (the GFA in this study). The aims of this study are therefore to explore the development of green space evaluation since the late 1990s, with respect to the growth of the GFA and its impact on other evaluation tools across the UK and several countries. To address the aims, this study employs in-depth literature reviews on UK green space policy mainly conducted by government. In addition, case studies are presented, focusing on the GFA and independent green space evaluation tools intrinsically derived from the GFA in the UK's cities and Nordic countries. Results show that based on the awareness of the severity of declining standards of green spaces, newly emerging policy arrangements have been adopted to address negative issues, which affect the standard of green spaces such as the transfer of responsibility for green space management, the implementation of Compulsory Competitive Tendering and ongoing budget cuts. Significantly, the GFA's indicators reflect the emerging changes of economic and social contexts associated with green spaces management where, in particular, the prospect of continuous budget cuts, which encourages communities to become involved in green space management. The GFA has widely contributed to leading such UK's cities and other countries to be able to create their independent green space evaluation tools in different approaches based on stakeholders' (mainly community) involvement in the decision-making process of green space evaluation. In conclusion, this study implies that successful green space evaluation tools do embody the value of green spaces and address drivers of emerging green space management with correspondence to the context of policy arrangements. Importantly, stakeholders have an opportunity to be involved in a partnership in the decision-making process through some green space evaluation tools. It is hoped that for well-managed green spaces this study will contribute valuable knowledge to our existing understanding of green space management in an era of austerity.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2018

Public spaces in the cities are social and economic resources to maintain sustainable urban revitalization. As an importance of public spaces is getting increased, many cities focus on public space management and introduce their own management system. NYC Plaza Program is one of the public space management systems in USA and it was designed in order to transform underused roads and streets into pedestrian public spaces throughout the New York City. Plaza management system works with private organizations' participation as NYC Department of Transportation empowers selected private organizations to the right of management and assists their efforts. In this study, we focused on how the plazas are managed by private sectors and seek to find out characteristics of types of management methods based on landuse(residential, commercial and openspace) status around plazas. We analyzed 61 plazas that generated by NYC Plaza Program with three major conditions of management system including organization, fund and activities. There are three major findings from the analysis. 1)In most residential surrounded plazas, resident-initiative organizations manage small scaled fund and activities meanwhile public agencies support their management. 2)BID is a dominant tool in the commercial surrounded plazas. BID provides with secured fund, mid-sized activities and a broad network with commercial facilities. 3)Openspace-surrounded types are usually using supports of exiting organizations and fund system.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2014

Dwelling connotes characteristics like social and cultural and technical climatic conditions, lifestyles and demands of regions, and especially, apartment, as one of dwelling types, shows various aspects of modern society. With the economic development centering on large cities, apartments have been established as universal housing forms in Seoul and Shanghai. The deepening of economic development in cities has increased small households consisting of one or two persons by affecting the population and household structure, and they've become information consumer groups. This has also influenced the size of apartment and increased the demand for small-sized housing. If the floor area is small, it is possible to use space widely according to the plan composition, so there is a need for floor planning to understand natural environment, physical environment and residents.This study compared and analyzed plan compositions of small-sized apartments which have been parceled out for the recent three years in Seoul and Shanghai. This study aims to understand housing cultures and users in the two countries depending on natural environments, living habits and spatial functions by analyzing common points and differences of public spaces like living room, dining room and kitchen, and private spaces like bedroom which have absolute effects on room arrangement and traffic line. The study results are as follows. From the perspective of natural environments, in Seoul, two-sided open cross-ventilation structure where is favorable to lighting and ventilation, occupied the biggest proportion of public space, while in Shanghai, most public spaces had lighting and ventilation structures through windows in each room. In Seoul, 3R type occupied the largest proportion of private space(87.7%), and privacy was maintained and space scale was adjusted using spaces with diverse functions such as bathroom in the couple bedroom, dress room and powder room and variable walls. But 2R type occupied the largest proportion of private space(60.2%) in Shanghai, and they emphasized private space and privacy of each room depending on major living habits. In conclusion, this study for comparing and analyzing common points and differences of small-sized apartment plan compositions in Seoul and Shanghai will provide proper guidelines for small-sized apartments to be built in Seoul and Shanghai in the future, if strong points and weak points of plan compositions in the two countries will be additionally analyzed and remedied.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.408-422
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• 2013

논문은 최근의 학문적 성과들을 바탕으로 아시아 지역의 자본주의 다양성과 비즈니스 시스템에 대한 논의를 담고 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 참고 문헌들을 통해 국가의 역할과 경제 지리의 성격을 규명하여 라오스와 캄보디아의 자본주의적 다양성을 살펴보는 것이다. 따라서 영토가 경제 권력을 어떻게 재조직하는 요인으로 작용해왔는지에 대한 질문과 라오스와 캄보디아가 국가 자본주의와 베이징-서울-도쿄 합의에 의해 어떻게 변화하고 있는지에 대한 질문에 대답하고자 한다. 두 국가 간의 비교 분석은 라오스의 국가에 의해 조정되는 Frontier Capitalism과 캄보디아의 세습적 과두 체제 간의 차이를 규명한다. 라오스는 지역적으로 자본주의적 다양성이 발현된다. 공간적인 제약이 약한 캄보디아의 과두적 집권층은 상대적으로 시장의 기능에 주목하지만 기회의 균등이라는 면에서는 완전한 자유 시장을 지향하고 있지는 않다. 본 연구의 연구 결과들은 실증적, 이론적 두 가지 관점 모두에서 아시아의 자본주의에 대한 후속 연구의 가능성들을 제기한다. 향후의 연구는 중소 기업의 역할에 대해 고려해야 할 것이며 이론들은 과두제와 개인적, 가족적 자본주의를 통합하여야 한다.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 1996년도 학술발표대회논문집
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• pp.67-72
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• 1996

The Purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of the space composition of Korean traditional residence by analysing the meaning and function of traditional residence's An-Daecheong of late Chosun dynasty, as well as its interrelationship with other spaces. It can be analysed. then that such factors as the weak economic ablility of the current agricultural society and reduction of the number of family member have made the function of the An-Daecheong weak, and that such factors as westernization of life style and modernization of residence facilities have reduced the functional interrelationship of the An-Daecheong. An-Madang and Kitchen.

• 전기의세계
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.77-81
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• 1977

This paper aims to develope a new algorithm to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional E.L.D system based on the B-Constants and Penalty-Factors scheme. The main features of this paper are that the Variabiable Decoupled Method usually employed in the Load-Flow studies is introduced to the E.L.D. algorithm developed by Sasson, using the Powell's Nonlinear Programming Scheme. Besides this, other minor refinements are made to reduce memory spaces and computing time. Case studies show that the method suggested here has the remarkable advantages of computing efficiency and memory requirements over Sasson's.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2011년도 제42회 하계학술대회
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• pp.648-649
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• 2011

This Paper presents an efficient approach for solving the economic dispatch (ED) problems with valve-point effects using an combination of particle swarm optimization and harmony search. To reduce a premature convergence effect of PSO algorithm, We proposed PSO-HS algorithm considering evolutionary using harmony search algorithm. To prove the ability of the PSO-HS in solving nonlinear optimization problems, ED problems with non-convex solution spaces are solved with three different approach(PSO, HS, combination of PSO and HS)

• 자원환경지질
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.205-216
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• 1985

Fluid inclusion study reveals that the mineralogical zonal distribution of the Sangdong skarn orebody may be likely related to (homogenization) temperatures of fluids with time and spaces. Firstly limestone beds were replaced by hot boiling fluids ranging from 350 to $550^{\circ}C$ and formed the pyroxene-garnet skarn, which was replaced into the amphibole and the quartz-mica skarns by non-boiling fluids at 300 to $500^{\circ}C$, mainly penetrated the central part of the pyroxene-garnet skarn orebody. Freezing tests identify presence of $CaCl_2$ and $MaCl_2$ as brines in the fluids besides NaCl and KCL that are shown as daughter minerals and show that two or more fluids be involved in mineralization by showing a bimodal distribution of salinities. This study has contributed to find a new orebody and a granitic pluton as a source rock.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2019년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.163-164
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• 2019

Curtain wall is constructed in various forms and designs by forming the exterior walls of a building, and refers to non-bearing walls that divide the exterior and interior spaces of a building. Curtain walls require not only wind pressure, but also waterproof, insulation, insulation, and durability, as well as the effects of recent frequent earthquakes. Studies on the sleeve used to connect the vertical member mullions in the process of high-rise curtain walls are insufficient. In this study, sleeves connecting curtain wall mullions were developed to absorb external displacement, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate economic feasibility through comparison with existing construction methods.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.148-163
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• 2008

수 세기에 걸쳐 대학이 성장함에 따라 이는 주변의 커뮤니티와 더욱 밀접한 관련을 지으며 발전하거나 변화하게 된다. 초기의 작은 도시는 19세기를 통해 산업화를 겪고 중심지로 발전하게 되며, 대부분의 도시들은 대학을 중심으로 산업과 연구의 기조를 형성하고 이는 문화적으로 다양한 인구의 밀집지를 이루는데 한 근간이 되어왔다. 대학을 중심으로 구성되어 있는 커뮤니티는 그 자체가 하나의 작은 도시구조의 모습을 띄며, 대학과 인근 지역은 협조, 혹은 마찰을 공유하며 성장하고 변화한다. 많은 미국의 대학들이 대학의 성장과 함께 필요한 건물과 시설을 확장하고 개발하면서, 이로 인해 빚어지는 교통량의 증대와 기존 오픈스페이스의 손실 등 성장관리에 귀추를 두고 기존 지역과의 융화를 꾀하며 발전을 추구하고 있다. 하버드 대학의 북쪽 캠퍼스 개발의 사례를 통해 지역개발의 한 단편으로서 캠퍼스 개발계획은 어떠한 의미가 있는지 살펴보고자 한다.