• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.95-126
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• 2001

Functional values for wastewater treatment and atmospheric regulation in coastal wetland and rice paddy ecosystems are quantified, and an illustration is given on how to integrate biophysical parameters into a valuation framework. This is one of most controversial issues in economic analysis for wetland preservation versus wetland conversion to agricultural use. This paper includes theoretical considerations for estimating functional values of environmental ecosystems, and the integration of biophysical data and replacement cost method employed. Specific physical and geographical characteristics and data on ecosystem functions and services in coastal wetlands and rice paddies are addressed for evaluating their values in economic terms. In particular this paper indicates double counting problems and overestimation in the previous studies, and demonstrates how to avoid them and to maintain the consistency of valuation process involving a least-cost method, thus enables an accurate integration of the coastal wetland ecology and wetland economics. As a result which is far away from the previous studies, the total economic present value of wastewater assimilation by coastal wetland is estimated at 7,484,640 won/ha, and the net present value of positive effect for atmospheric regulation, negative effects for air pollution and water pollution by rice paddy is estimated at -37,934 won/ha, assuming that resources are infinitely long-lived and the annual value and the rate of discount (10%) is constant every year. In conclusion, for further reliability and validity of functional values for natural resources it is very noteworthy that a general equilibrium framework that could directly incorporate the interdependence between ecosystem functions and services would be preferred to the partial equilibrium framework.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.269-297
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• 2021

Bioplastics are attracting attention as a substitute for conventional petroleum-based plastics because they are carbon neutral and can be biodegradable. This study estimated economic and environmental impact of regulating the petroleum-based plastics industry and fostering the bioplastics industry using a Recursive Dynamic CGE Model of the Korean Economy. Results show that the regulation of the conventional plastics industry exhibits a positive environmental impact by reducing greenhouse gases and plastic waste and a negative economic impact with a decrease in GDP. Meanwhile, fostering the bioplastics industry with regulation on conventional plastics industry has similar levels of greenhouse gas and waste reduction effects when there is only regulation on the conventional plastics industry. It is also shown that expanding the production of bioplastics industry offsets existing economic losses as a form of increased GDP. If petroleum-based plastics are replaced through the expansion of bioplastics production, it can contribute to the decoupling of greenhouse gas emissions and plastic waste from economic growth.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.51-68
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• 2017

This paper adapts the World Bank Regulatory Quality Index (RQI), which is produced annually to provide a better understanding of the effects of regulatory reforms, instead of the Production Market Regulation (PMR) indicators, which are published every five years. We find that 9.9 to 36.0 billion USD worth of regulatory cost could be reduced if the regulatory quality in Korea improves to the level of the OECD average considering that the total burden of regulation in Korea is estimated to range from 2.2 to 357.4 billion USD. The estimated reduction in the regulatory cost accounts for roughly 0.76 to 2.47% of Korea's GDP in 2013, underscoring the importance of regulatory reforms for the Korean economy. This paper introduces a new method with which to examine the distribution of regulatory costs across different industries and firm sizes. This alternative method is largely consistent with the conclusions reached by other studies, specifically that small firms typically bear a disproportionate regulatory burden.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.289-322
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• 2001

This paper introduces the environmental economic studies in Korea, focused especially on the environmental regulation policy and valuation of environmental resources in Korea. It can be seen from this survey that the Korean environmental economists have had most of their interests in socially hot issues such as the evaluation and alternatives of the existing environmental policy instruments, and the impacts of both the environmental regulation and greenhouse gas reduction policies, as well as economic valuation of environmental assets including air, water, and ecosystem. We need more intensive research on issues of the evaluation of individual public investment, enforcement, transaction costs and income distribution and inter-generational equity. More attention should also be paid to the valuation methods and environmental data.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.5-14
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• 2017

Purpose - This study empirically analyses the sale changes in large retail stores directly resulting from increased controls on those stores. More specifically, we discuss the economic impacts on Korean regulations that restrict trading hours and mandate statutory store closure 'holidays' twice per month. Research design, data and methodology - we attempt to empirically analyse the economic effects of trading hours regulations through quantitative analysis of the sales revenue data of large retail stores. We introduce the data and methods of empirical analysis used to analyse the economic effects of trading-hour regulations on large retail stores. We use a panel regression to analyse the sales losses of large retail stores caused by the new constraints on business hours. Results - The results of this study show that the sales of large retail stores fell by the average of 3.4% per month during the regulation periods. However, regulations affecting large retail stores have various economic impacts, including variations in sales, changes in consumption patterns, and influences on consumer welfare and national economy. Conclusions - Such changes may also be captured by other metrics: accordingly, further researches are needed to measure the impact of regulations on economic indicators such as employment and GDP.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.217-222
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• 2022

The main purpose of the article is to study the features of the impact of social and digital changes on the system of government regulation of banking acitivity. The digital economy sets the vector along which socio-economic systems of micro-, meso-, macro-levels will develop in the long term, which necessitates research and a comprehensive analysis of digital transformation processes. Once a priority for individual innovative companies, today digital transformation has become a mass phenomenon, and the corresponding projects are vital for the success of not only individual companies, but also regions and countries. At the same time, this transformation itself is closely connected with the trend of servicing socio-economic systems and is largely implemented on its basis. Moreover, this relationship and the mechanism for its implementation remain insufficiently studied, which necessitates the development of tools for its identification, assessment and management. As a result of the analysis, the key aspects of the impact of social and digital changes on the system of state regulation of banking activities were identified.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.447-456
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• 2010

Asymmetric regulation as applied to mobile termination rates refers to regulatory arrangements in which different mobile operators charge different termination rates, even though the services provided are essentially identical. The asymmetric regulation has been frequently used as a regulatory tool to support new entrants to a mobile market. This paper examines the economic effects of asymmetric regulation of mobile termination rates using a theoretical model and its simulation. The result shows that when there is no noticeable difference in brand loyalty between mobile operators with the high degree of substitutability between services provided by mobile operators, and the costs of new entrants are low, a reduction in the asymmetry of mobile access prices results in an enhancement of consumer welfare. These findings provide positive evidence for the argument that in certain situations asymmetric pricing of mobile access services may be counterproductive for consumer welfare.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.57-79
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• 2007

Laws regarding to Arbitration in North Korea are Arbitration Act, Foreign Economic Arbitration Act, Regulations on the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission, Regulation for treatment of cases in Arbitration Commission, Rules of Hearing. North Korea has enacted the laws related to Arbitration including Arbitration Act enacted in 1995 and Foreign Economic Arbitration Act enacted in 1999. In the North Korea's planed economy system, as there will be many disputes among organizations, companies, other Institutions Arbitration Act resolves the disputes to compete the economic plan. North Korea's Arbitration Act is different from Normal Arbitration Acts in particular other socialist states in view of arbitration agreement and selection of arbitrator and functions as the tools controlling the members of North Korea and have the characteristics such as national arbitration system and mixture of criminal trial and governmental control and strict legal control system on violent acts in North Korea's plan and plan regulation. And North Korea's Arbitration Act deals with the civil disputes and limits the parties and subject matter of arbitration. The parties in dispute such as organizations, companies, other Institutions could apply for arbitration to Central Arbitration Body and Provincial (City under the direct control of Government) Arbitration Body and Sectional Arbitration Body. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the enhancement of the understanding arbitration in North Korea by studying the clauses in the Arbitration Act.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.143-150
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• 2021

International economic and legal cooperation can ensure the transition of agriculture to the trajectory of sustainable development. The paper considers in detail the set of common goals and problems of an international nature, the solution of which is aimed at global legal regulation of cooperation between states. It is also noted about the impact of information technology on agricultural development. The following methods of scientific cognition are used: a historical, systematic approach to research, method of analysis, and synthesis. Research results: a scientific idea of the importance of international cooperation in general and global collaboration in the field of agricultural production in particular. It is stated that states are obliged to cooperate, regardless of differences in their political, economic, and social systems, in various areas of international relations to maintain international peace, security and promote worldwide economic stability and progress, the common good of peoples. It is emphasized the need to build such relations in the agricultural sector, which take into account the interests of all states.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.181-186
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• 2023

The main purpose of the study is to analyze the features of state regulation of the labor market in a crisis. Structural shifts in the labor market are due to the transformation of public and economic relations in today's globalized world. Increasing competition, the development of the knowledge economy, information technology, changes in the content and forms of labor require updating the labor market regulation system. The research methodology implies the use of modern methods of analysis. The analysis of the features of state regulation of the labor market in crisis conditions is carried out.