• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.10
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• pp.3682-3694
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• 2022

The expansion of a country's ecological footprint generates resources for economic development. China's import bill and carbon footprint can be reduced by investing in green transportation and energy technologies. A sustainable environment depends on the cessation of climate change; the current study investigates nuclear energy efficiency, economic complexity, air transportation, and industrial improvement for reducing environmental footprint. Using data spanning the years 1983-2016, the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulation method has demonstrated the short- and long-term variability in the impact of regressors on the ecological footprint. The study findings revealed that economic complexity in China had been found to have a statistically significant impact on the country's ecological footprint. Moreover, the industrial improvement process is helpful for the ecological footprint in China. In the short term, air travel has a negative impact on the ecological footprint, but this effect diminishes over time. Additionally, energy innovation is negative and substantial both in the short and long run, thus demonstrating its positive role in reducing the ecological footprint. Policy implications can be extracted from a wide range of issues, including economic complexity, industrial improvement, air transportation, energy innovation, and ecological impact to achieve sustainable goals.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.41-55
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• 2021

Purpose - This paper empirically investigates the relationship between the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and the level of development. Moreover, this research attempts to discover the determinants of ECI in the globalization wave. Design/methodology - Our empirical model considers the relationship between ECI and the level of development in middle- and high-income economies from 1995 to 2010 by using systemic qualitative analysis, including OLS, fixed-effects, and system GMM. Next, this research used OLS regression to find the determinants of ECI. In particular, we compared the effects of different factors on ECI in the different development stages. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows: 1. If the ECI increases by 1, it could lead to an increase of about 30% in the level of development in middle- and high-income economies. 2. Human capital plays an important role in the development of and increase in ECI. 3. GVC participation and outflow FDI enhance an increase in ECI, in particular in middle-income economies. 4. The development of manufacturing industries is helpful to increase ECI; however, middle-income economies should pay more attention to their comparative advantage industries. 5. R&D has positive effects on the ECI. Originality/value - To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that uses systemic qualitative analysis to investigate the relationship between ECI and the level of development. The paper provides suggestions for policy makers to increase ECI under the current wave of globalization, in particular in middle-income economies.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2014

In this study, various characteristics of R&D related economic variables were studied to analyze complexity of science and technology activities in Korea, as reliance of R&D activities of the private sector is growing by the day. In comparison to other countries, this means that it is likely to be fluctuated by economic conditions. This complexity characteristic signifies that the result of science and technology activities can be greatly different from the anticipated results - depending on the influences from economic conditions and the results of science and technology activities which may be unpredictable. After reviewing the results of 17 variables related to science and technology characteristics of complex systems intended for time-series data - in the total R&D expenditure, and private R&D expenditure, numbers of SCI papers, the existence of chaotic characteristics were. using Lyapunov Exponent, Hurst Exponent, BDS test. This result reveals science and technology activity of the three most important components in Korea which are; heavy dependence on initial condition, the long term memory of time series, and non-linear structure. As stable R&D investment and result are needed in order to maintain steady development of Korea economy, the R&D structure should be less influenced by business cycles and more effective technology development policy for improving human resource development must be set in motion. And to minimize the risk of new technology, the construction of sophisticated technology forecasting system should take into account, for development of R&D system.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.89-111
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• 2008

Due to the development of digital technology, studies regarding smart wear integrating daily life have rapidly increased. However, consumer research about perception and attitude toward smart clothing hardly could find. The purpose of this study was to identify innovative characteristics and perceived risk of smart clothing and to analyze the influences of theses factors on product attitudes and intention to adopt. Specifically, five hypotheses were established. H1: Perceived attributes of smart clothing except for complexity would have positive relations to product attitude or purchase intention, while complexity would be opposite. H2: Product attitude would have positive relation to purchase intention. H3: Product attitude would have a mediating effect between perceived attributes and purchase intention. H4: Perceived risks of smart clothing would have negative relations to perceived attributes except for complexity, and positive relations to complexity. H5: Product attitude would have a mediating effect between perceived risks and purchase intention. A self-administered questionnaire was developed based on previous studies. After pretest, the data were collected during September, 2006, from university students in Korea who were relatively sensitive to innovative products. A total of 300 final useful questionnaire were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 program. About 60.3% were male with the mean age of 21.3 years old. About 59.3% reported that they were aware of smart clothing, but only 9 respondents purchased it. The mean of attitudes toward smart clothing and purchase intention was 2.96 (SD=.56) and 2.63 (SD=.65) respectively. Factor analysis using principal components with varimax rotation was conducted to identify perceived attribute and perceived risk dimensions. Perceived attributes of smart wear were categorized into relative advantage (including compatibility), observability (including triability), and complexity. Perceived risks were identified into physical/performance risk, social psychological risk, time loss risk, and economic risk. Regression analysis was conducted to test five hypotheses. Relative advantage and observability were significant predictors of product attitude (adj $R^2$=.223) and purchase intention (adj $R^2$=.221). Complexity showed negative influence on product attitude. Product attitude presented significant relation to purchase intention (adj $R^2$=.692) and partial mediating effect between perceived attributes and purchase intention (adj $R^2$=.698). Therefore hypothesis one to three were accepted. In order to test hypothesis four, four dimensions of perceived risk and demographic variables (age, gender, monthly household income, awareness of smart clothing, and purchase experience) were entered as independent variables in the regression models. Social psychological risk, economic risk, and gender (female) were significant to predict relative advantage (adj $R^2$=.276). When perceived observability was a dependent variable, social psychological risk, time loss risk, physical/performance risk, and age (younger) were significant in order (adj $R^2$=.144). However, physical/performance risk was positively related to observability. The more Koreans seemed to be observable of smart clothing, the more increased the probability of physical harm or performance problems received. Complexity was predicted by product awareness, social psychological risk, economic risk, and purchase experience in order (adj $R^2$=.114). Product awareness was negatively related to complexity, meaning high level of product awareness would reduce complexity of smart clothing. However, purchase experience presented positive relation with complexity. It appears that consumers can perceive high level of complexity when they are actually consuming smart clothing in real life. Risk variables were positively related with complexity. That is, in order to decrease complexity, it is also necessary to consider minimizing anxiety factors about social psychological wound or loss of money. Thus, hypothesis 4 was partially accepted. Finally, in testing hypothesis 5, social psychological risk and economic risk were significant predictors for product attitude (adj $R^2$=.122) and purchase intention (adj $R^2$=.099) respectively. When attitude variable was included with risk variables as independent variables in the regression model to predict purchase intention, only attitude variable was significant (adj $R^2$=.691). Thus attitude variable presented full mediating effect between perceived risks and purchase intention, and hypothesis 5 was accepted. Findings would provide guidelines for fashion and electronic businesses who aim to create and strengthen positive attitude toward smart clothing. Marketers need to consider not only functional feature of smart clothing, but also practical and aesthetic attributes, since appropriateness for social norm or self image would reduce uncertainty of psychological or social risk, which increase relative advantage of smart clothing. Actually social psychological risk was significantly associated to relative advantage. Economic risk is negatively associated with product attitudes as well as purchase intention, suggesting that smart-wear developers have to reflect on price ranges of potential adopters. It will be effective to utilize the findings associated with complexity when marketers in US plan communication strategy.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.563-570
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• 2022

This study was objected to show the complexity of groundwater flow system in a site-scale area as a design parameter of the groundwater monitoring network for early detection of pollutant leakage from a potential source of groundwater contamination (e.g., storage tank). Around the tanks, three monitoring wells were installed at about 22~25 m deep and groundwater level and temperature had been monitored for 22 months by 2-minute interval, and then compared with precipitation and temperature data from nearby weather station. Annual variation of groundwater level and its response to precipitation event, variation of groundwater temperature and delayed response to that of atmospheric temperature indicate the complexity of groundwater flow and flow paths even in the relatively small area. Thus, groundwater monitoring network for early detection of contaminant leakage should be designed with full consideration of the complexity of groundwater flow system, identified from the detailed hydrogeological investigation of the site.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.131-145
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• 2020

Purpose - The recent growth of South Korean products in the international market is the benchmark for both developed as well as developing countries. According to the development index, the role of international trade is indeed crucial for the development of the national economy. However, the visualization of the international trade profile of the country is the prerequisite of governmental policy decision-makers and guidance for forecasting of foreign trade. Design/methodology - We have utilized data visualization techniques in order to visualize the import & export product space and trade partners of South Korea. Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) were used to identify the Korean international trade diversification, whereas the time series approach is used to forecast the economy and foreign trade variables. Findings - Our results show that Chine, U.S, Vietnam, Hong Kong, and Japan are the leading trade partners of Korea. Overall, the ECI of South Korea is growing significantly as compared to China, Hong Kong, and other developed countries of the world. The expected values of total import and export volume of South Korea are approximately US$535.21 and US$ 781.23B, with the balance of trade US$ 254.02B in 2025. It was also observed from our analysis that imports & exports are equally substantial to the GDP of Korea and have a significant correlation with GDP, GDP per capita, and ECI. Originality/value - To maintain the growth rate of international trade and efficient competitor for the trade partners, we have visualized the South Korea trade profile, which provides the information of significant export and import products as well as main trade partners and forecasting.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2004

This paper presents a new approach for determining an accurate incentive levels of Direct Load Control (DLC) program using sequential Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) techniques. The economic analysis of DLC resources needs to identify the hourly-by-hourly expected energy-not-served resulting from the random outage characteristics of generators as well as to reflect the availability and duration of DLC resources, which results the computational explosion. Therefore, the conventional methods are based on the scenario approaches to reduce the computation time as well as to avoid the complexity of economic studies. In this paper, we have developed a new technique based on the sequential MCS to evaluate the required expected load control amount in each hour and to decide the incentive level satisfying the economic constraints. In addition, the mathematical formulation for DLC programs' economic evaluations are developed. To show the efficiency and effectiveness of the suggested method, the numerical studies have been performed for the modified IEEE reliability test system.

• 한국사회복지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.205-224
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• 2002

This paper addresses to the emerging issues for regional/global welfare issues, with special focus on the potentials and influences of the transnational advocacy activism for human and welfare rights. Part One of the paper outlines the emergence of transnational (cyber-)activism for global welfare. It is followed by a discussion of the incompatibility between economic globalization and regional/local deprivation, as well as the potentials for welfare promotion and empowerment. Part Four critically examines the contours and complexity of informational society. The last two parts delineate, respectively, the barriers against and prospects of global welfare activism.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.9-20
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• 2013

Many studies have reported additional treatment is needed to use wastewater for agricultural purpose. Economic considerations should be taken into account to establish infrastructure for agricultural reuse because of a large amount of water use in irrigation and relatively low water quality requirement. The objective of this study was to conduct economic analysis of wastewater reclamation and reuse systems for agriculture. A system dynamics approach considering complexity and dynamics in the wastewater reuse systems was used for the economic analysis, which are related with social, environmental, and economic problems. Sensitivity and benefit cost analysis for wastewater reuse systems was conducted through the established economic assessment model. The result of sensitivity analysis showed that water resources development and installation cost were the most sensitive for total benefits and costs, respectively. The scenario-based test of the organized economic assessment model shows marginal cost ranges and enables decision-makers to decide reasonable cost for the wastewater reuse systems for agriculture.

• IE interfaces
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.277-287
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• 2005

In this paper, we deal with a new techno-economic modeling and analysis for optical access networks. In deploying the fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) architecture, network planner needs to consider the following techno-economic issues: when do we need to upgrade existing local access network to FTTH network? how much do we invest to maximize profit? In order to answer these techno-economic questions, we need to consider the impact of emerging technologies and business environment. Toward this end, we develop a new techno-economic modeling to deal with the inherent complexity of technology evolution and cost economics. In particular, the new modeling approach provides us with an techno-economic analysis of technology alternatives such as ethernet passive optical network (E-PON) and wavelength division multiplex passive optical network (WDM-PON). In this analysis, we focus on the impact of critical factors such as the cost characteristic of proposed architecture and digital subscriber line (DSL) subscriber's churn-in to FTTH service and churn-out. We develop mixed integer-programming models for finding the evolution path of local access networks to broadband network architectures.