• IE interfaces
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.79-96
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• 1989

Abundant hard-working and well-educated human resources were the important sources of the spectacular economic success during the last decades. In contrast to the past sources of economic growth during the 1970's when labor and capital along with economies of scale were the dominant factors (the university has played an important role in the national economic success by supplying quality labour and intellectual talent.), the level of science, technological innovation and capital inputs will be of vital importance for future economic growth in Korea. The balance of payments in technology transfer together with the current state of R & D activities has been reviewed and some of the issues and problems underlying the university system that tend to hinder research in collaboration with research institutes and industries have been outlined. Serious imbalance in the allocation of research funds among research sectors was identified as the most serious problem to be fixed. The importance of science and technology education in private universities for the enhancement of the national level of science and technology has been re-examined. Also research and development in engineering and technical services has been emphasized. In conclusion, ways to bolster the role of universities in the research environment in cooperation with industry and research institutes have been suggested.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.3-31
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• 2019

In order to achieve full-scale economic cooperation between North Korea and South Korea, the Gaesong Industrial Complex should reopen first. In this case, the Inter-Korean commercial arbitration system should be clearly established to effectively resolve the disputes arising in the special economic zones of the Gaesong Industrial Complex. Even though the Inter-Korean Investment Security Agreement, the Agreement on the Resolution of Commercial Disputes between North Korea and South Korea, the Agreement on the Formation and Operation of the Inter-Korean Commercial Arbitration Committee, and the Agreement on the Formation and Operation of the Inter-Korean Commercial Arbitration Committee in the Gaesong Industrial District are in place, specific arbitration procedure is not concretely agreed upon and realized between the two Koreas. Therefore, the realization of commercial arbitration between them led by the Ministry of Unification or the government should be accomplished. In addition, it is necessary to consider the administrative trial or administrative litigation system in order to deal with administrative disputes that are not subject to commercial arbitration. Lastly, discussions on legal integration between the two Koreas should continue, focusing on the special economic zone of the Gaesong Industrial Complex, in order to prevent integration from being hindered by a different culture for a long time.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.229-248
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• 2002

In the recent years the office sector or industry are recognized not only as a key economic activity and employment source in urban areas, but also as a factor for the changing urban spatial structure. This paper aims to review the research trends and future prospects on the office locations. The study starts with a survey of literatures by summarizing the most important previous studies on the office location research and by disclosing research deficits. And then general locational trends of office activities on the base on the different geographical scale and its current location dynamics including the influencing factors are discussed. Finally this study summarizes the outlooks on the future task within office location research.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-89
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• 2014

PURPOSES : This study evaluates the economic value of national highway construction projects using Real Option Pricing Models. METHODS : We identified the option premium for uncertainties associated with flexibilities according to the future's change in national highway construction projects. In order to evaluate value of future's underlying asset, we calculated the volatility of the unit price per year for benefit estimation such as VOTS, VOCS, VICS, VOPCS and VONCS that the "Transportation Facility Investment Evaluation Guidelines" presented. RESULTS : We evaluated the option premium of underlying asset through a case study of the actual national highway construction projects using ROPM. And in order to predict the changes in the option value of the future's underlying asset, we evaluated the changes of option premium for future's uncertainties by the defer of the start of construction work, the contract of project scale, and the abandon of project during pre-land compensation stages that were occurred frequently in the highway construction projects. Finally we analyzed the sensitivity of the underlying asset using volatility, risk free rate and expiration date of option. CONCLUSIONS : We concluded that a highway construction project has economic value even though static NPV had a negative(-) value because of the sum of the existing static NPV and the option premium for the future's uncertainties associated with flexibilities.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.170-180
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• 2007

This paper deals with the economy of scale for domestic on-site hydrogen stations fueled with natural gas and naptha. We evaluate the economic feasibility of on-site hydrogen stations with hydrogen production capacities of $30Nm^3/hr,\;100Nm^3/hr\;and\;300Nm^3/hr$. We build a classical economic feasibility model and we make some sensitivity analyses by changing the values of input factors such as the hydrogen sale price and the discount rate. The estimated hydrogen prices of steam methane reforming stations with production capacities of $30\;Nm^3/hr,\;100\;Nm^3/hr\;and\;300\;Nm^3/hr$ are 18,472 won/kg, 10,689 won/kg and 7,758 won/kg, respectively. Also, the hydrogen prices are about the same if we use naptha as a raw material for hydrogen energy instead of natural gas. It turns out that small and medium size domestic on-site hydrogen stations will not be economical in the near future. This indicates that we need to construct large scale on-site hydrogen fueling stations even for the initial phase of the hydrogen economy.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 1996

This paper is for studying stress condition of apprentice doctors who were in Oriental Medical Hospital. This study was done on 35 apprentice doctors who were in Kyungsang University Oriental Medical Hospital and Bulgy Oriental Medical Hospital. The Seven-Minute Stress Test of Thomas E. Sttats and 10 questions which were made by the present writer shows the following results.1. The Body stress scale was the highest point. In order of high percent, this shows Whole scale, Mind scale, Situation scale. 2. In comparison of the stress scale of men and women doctors, all the stress scale of women doctors were higher than men doctors. 3. In comparison of the stress scale of Interne and Resident doctors, Whole and Situation stress scale of Resident doctors were higher than Interne doctors, Body and Mind stress scale of Interne doctors were higher than Resident doctors. 4. The personal relation with other people was harmonious, the worst relation of the other colleague was the administrative staff, the next were nurses, senior apprentice doctors orderly. 5. In order of high percent of stressors, this shows personal relation, many works and troubles of care, the lack of private life, unsatisfactory administration system and equipment, the class system and overbearing atmospheres, education and continuous stress, bad conditions and fatigue, economic problems. 6. In order of high percent of systemic stress diseases, this shows musculo- skeletal disease, nervous disease, digestive disease, neurosis, urinary and genital disorder, opthalomo-otolaryngo disease, immunity disorder and vascular disease. In order of high percent of stress symptom, this show headache, fatigue, shoulder pain, back and leg pain, pantalgia and abdominal pain, diarrhea and dismenorrhea, stiffness of neck dizziness indigestion languor after a meal insomnia, neurasthenia lacking interest constipation menorrhalgia bloodshot eyes otitis media allergy thirst flushing edema. 7. In order of the seven mode of emotions in relation to stress, this shows anger, anxiety, isolation, melancholy, fright, sorrow, terror, overjoy.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.3-18
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• 2012

Constitutional issue of economic order has fiercely been disputed around the world and through the ages. In Korea, there also has been endless argument on to what extent the government should intervene in the economy through regulation. Article 119 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea has its basis on the principle of free market economy, exceptionally allowing the government to intervene and coordinate in certain situations. The Constitution empowers the government with the authority of regulation and coordination to execute the Constitutional value of guaranteeing and securing fundamental human rights. Therefore, the government, as a fair and just mediator, should perform its mission to democratize the economy as well as secure market freedom and creative initiative.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.5570-5575
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• 2013

This study was carried out to find prioritization and evaluation of importance factor for plant factory development direction. According to the results, experts have put profitability secure at the top of development of plant factory industry. It is urgently needed in economic sector that products from plants factory secure the market and adjust the shipping date through contract cultivation and year-round production. Also, illuminant technology is also important in technology development section and R&D. On the other hand, consumers do not yet fully understand the benefits of the plant factory, and this will lead to continued slow sales. Therefore, the government needs to draw up measures to support producers who cultivated agricultural products from plant factory.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.235-253
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• 2007

The paper has its focus on comparative appraisal of sustainable development in korean metropolises. In reference to OECD, UNCSD, PCSD and BBR indicator lists, somewhat transformed 14 themes and 42 quantitative indicators were chosen in economic, social and environmental sector. In next step, for the standardization of the indicators the own value of each Metropolis was relatively appraised based on the mean value of each indicator of the metropolises. If necessary, the indicator which has negative characteristics was transformed into positive scale so as to compare all of the indicators with same scale direction. As a result, it was found out that Seoul and Ulsan, highly concentrated in specific economic sector, reveals high level of sustainable development in economic sector but not in environmental sector. Kwangju is diametrically opposed to the former case. In contrast to the generally low level of sustainable development of Pusan, Taegu and Incheon, the metropolis Taejeon shows equally high level of sustainable development in 3 sectors.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.61
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• pp.327-358
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• 2014

During the past decade after entering the World Trade Organization (WTO), China has quickened its integration into the global economy while its foreign trade has been further invigorated. On the 10th anniversary of China's accession to the WTO, the Chinese government issues White Paper to give a comprehensive introduction to China's foreign trade development. Through this paper, the Chinese government introduces I. Historic Progress in China's Foreign Trade II. Reform of and Improvements to China's Foreign Trade System III. The Development of China's Foreign Trade Contributes to the World Economy IV. Promoting Basically Balanced Growth of Foreign Trade V. Constructing All-round Economic and Trade Partnerships with Mutually Beneficial Cooperation VI. Realizing Sustainable Development of Foreign Trade. At present, the underlying impact of the international financial crisis, the protracted, arduous and complicated nature of the world economic recovery is manifesting itself, and the global economic structure and trade layout face in-depth readjustment. China will make new adjustments to its foreign trade, in an effort to turn foreign trade from scale expansion to quality and profit improvement, and from mainly relying on its low-cost advantage to enhancing its comprehensive competitive edge, thereby turning China from a big trading country to a strong trading power. China's foreign trade is still hampered by many uncertainties and is bound to meet new difficulties and challenges. During the 12th Five-year Plan period China will open itself wider to the outside world as a driver for further reform, development and innovation, make full use of its advantages, strengthen international cooperation in all respects. And at the same time China integrate itself into the world economy on a wider scale and at a higher level. China is willing to work with its trading partners to cope with the various challenges facing the world economy and trade, and promote its foreign trade to realize a more balanced, coordinated and sustainable development, and share prosperity and mutually beneficial results with its trading partners.