• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• v.8
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 1990

Germinating ability of 54 weed species collected throughout Korea in 1987 and 1988 was determined in incubator at $25^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. The seeds of Echinochloa sp, collected from 70 different places throughout Korea, were classified by Yabuno's seed morphology method. Plant characters of two identified Echinochloa species, one having two subspecies were evaluated. SDS-PAGE(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of seed protein assay was used to identify locally collected Echinochloa species classified by Yabuno's seed morphology method. 1. Out of 54 weed species collected, 31 species showed germination at 15 days after incubation, and 14 species showed over 50% and no germination was observed in 24 species, indicating that approximately 40 species had varied degree of germinating ability. 2. It was confirmed that two annual species of Echinochloa such as E. oryzicola and E. crus-galli occurred in Korea and one of which particularly E. crus-galli has two subspecies such as E. c. var. praticola and E. c. var. crus-galli. 3. E. oryzicola was distinguished from E. c. var crus-galli and E. c. var praticola by presence or absence of one major protein band in B zone. However, it was rather difficult to distinguish E. crus-galli species because they showed similar protein pattern.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.103-108
• /
• 1985

A series of experiments were conducted to determine the effect of pH, salinity, seeding depth, and moisture stress on the germination and growth of Echinochloa colons (L.) Link. Germination significantly decreased at pH 10, but shoot lengths were not affected by the pH tested. Germination was not affected by salt concentrations of up to 0.1%, but was significantly reduced at 0.5%. A 1.0% salt concentration did not significantly reduce shoot length. Increase in seeding depth significantly reduced emergence. Irrespective of seeding depth, the coleoptilar node was always just below the soil surface. Delayed and decreased germination was obtained at -4.6 bars of simulated water potential, while no germination occurred at -9.8 bars. Soil moisture stress significantly reduced plant height, delayed panicle initiation, and reduced seed production.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.286-294
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to evaluate the interaction effect between molinate(S-ethyl N,N-hexamethylene-thiocarbamate) and simetryn(N,N'-diethyl-6-(methythio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) on weed bioefficacy and rice phytotoxicity in green house and paddy field. Combined application of molinate and simetryn showed synergistic herbicidal effect to Echinochloa crus-galli and additive herbicidal effect to Bidens tripartita, However, it showed synergistic phytotoxicity to rice. Combined application of molinate and simetryn reduced the flooding period desirable for controlling Echinochloa crus-galli by about 2~4days as compared to single application of molinate. It was concluded that the optimum combination of molinate and simetryn was 150g and 9g to 18g a.i./10a, respectively in viewpoint of bioefficacy and phytotoxicity.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.144-147
• /
• 2012

Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch is one of major troublesome weeds in the paddy fields in Korea. The Korean name and scientific name of the species has been controversial among researchers. The Korean names 'Nonpee' and 'Gangpee' are being used interchangeably and the application of its scientific name is being confused. The committee composed of the Korea National Arboretum and the Korean Society of Plant Taxonomists has agreed in the use of 'Nonpee' as the Korean name. Therefore, we suggest to use the agreed name of the species for researchers to avoid confusion. In addition, the application of scientific names is also confused with E. oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch and E. oryzicola (Vasinger) Vasinger. E. oryzicola (Vasinger) Vasinger should be applied to the known 'Nonpee' and E. oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch should be applied to the unrecorded 'Nadononpee' discovered in Masan, Gyeongsangnam-do.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.101-107
• /
• 2010

In order to deal with the problem that phytoremediation takes long time in achieving the practical effect, the enhanced phytoremediation by Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) was conducted. In addition, we examined the synergistic effect by adding PSM (phosphate -solubilizing microbes) and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) to the arsenic contaminated soil in the vicinity of the abandoned mine. The removal efficiency of arsenic in the site with PSM application increased about 16% when compared to control site, which was due to increase of plant biomass. The EDTA has been successfully utilized in respect of enhanced mobility and solubility of arsenic in the soil. As a result, BF (bioaccumulation factor) significantly increased but the inhibition of plant growth resulted in 20% reduction of arsenic removal efficiency. The application of PSM and EDTA may enhance the efficiency of phytoremediation. However, the time and method of EDTA application should be further examined to reach the maximum removal efficiency.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.147-156
• /
• 1995

Restoration of ecosystems degraded by heavy metal pollution can be accomplished by soil amendment and selection and utilization of plants tolerant to heavy metals. Two former zinc mine sites, Sambo Mine in Hwasung, Kyonggi-do and the Second Yonhwa Mine in Samchuk, Kangwon-do, were selected for collection of plant samples and for determination of heavy metal tolerant species. Dominant species on mine waste deposits in Hwasung site were Panicum bisulcatum and Echinoch/oa crus-galli, while those in Samchuk site were Aster yomena, Setaria viridis, Artemisia lavandulaefolia and Oenothera odorata. Mean contents of zinc, lead and cadmium in Hwasung soil were 103, 117 and 1 ppm, respectively, while those in Samchuk soil were 23, 6 and 4 ppm, respectively, Zinc contents were higher in Echinochloa crus-galli from Hwasung and in Artemisia lavandulaefolia from Samchuk, while lead contents were higher in Panicum bisulcatum and Echinochloa crus-galli from Hwasung and Lactuca sonchiJolia and Pinus densiJolia from Samchuk. Plant species with higher cadmium contents were Panicum bisulcatum and Lactuca sonchiJolia. Comparison of metal contents between roots and shoots showed that Echinochloa crus-galli was a zinc accumulator, while Panicum bisulcatum, Persicaria hydroPiPer, Pinus densiJlora and Lactuca sonchiJolia were zinc excluders. In addition, Panicum bisulcatum and Persicaria hydroPiPer were proved to be lead excluders. When both heavy metal contents in plant tissues and biomass of individual plants are considered, it can be concluded that Echinochloa crus-galli and Panicum bisulcatum from Hwasung and Artemisia lavandulaefolia and Aster yomena are heavy metal absorbing plants. The effect of heavy metals on seed germination showed that Artemisia princeps var. orientalis had higher germination rates, but no significant difference in concomitant decrease of germination rates among the species investigated were found by increasing heavy metal contents.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.247-256
• /
• 1987

The ability of three Echinochloa colona (L.) Link ecotypes to compete with rice (Oryza sativa L.) was evaluated. For all the ecotypes, E. colona was shorter and produced less leaf area and dry matter than rice at 15 days after seeding (DAS), whereas the reverse was observed from 30 to 60 DAS. Neither E. colona nor rice tillered during the first 15 DAS, but E. colona had greater accumulative tiller length than rice from 15 DAS. Rice absorbed more nitrogen than E. colona at 15 DAS. E. colona absorbed greater amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than did rice between 30 and 60 DAS and increase in its density decreased the nutrients uptake of rice. Differences in the competitive ability of the ecotypes were related to the growth characteristics of the ecotypes and the period of competition between the two species. At the early growth stages the Pangasinan ecotype, which increased plant size rapidly and had a shorter life cycle, was more competitive against rice than the Leyte and South Cotabato ecotypes, which had a longer vegetative growth period. However, the reverse was observed at the later growth stages of the ecotypes.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.79-83
• /
• 2005

Rice and weed interference in the paddy field caused by resource competition and allelopathy. Evaluation method of active weed suppressive behavior of rice to weed was developed by eliminating light competition at soil condition. Twenty eight days old rice seedlings (6-7 leaf stage) which was grown at saturated, no drainage pot were clipped above $3\~4cm$ from the soil surface. Weeds seeded around clipped rice stem, named ratoon seeding screening method, showed varietal suppressive difference to Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa crusgalli var. praticola and Monochoria vaginalis. Potential allelopathic rice varieties, Sathi, AC1423 and PI312777 showed better suppressive activity to weed seedling growth than Nonganbyeo and Keumobyeo. Weed suppression of one plant of rice cultivars could be evaluated by the cell size of $2.5\times2.5cm$ at rice clipping of seedling 29 days after rice seeding.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.140-145
• /
• 2016

Seven phenolic compounds including p-coumaric acid (1), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3), vanillic acid (4), luteolin (5), acacetin (6), and tricin (7), were isolated from the methylene chloride and ethyl acetate fractions of Echinochloa utilis grains. Compounds (1 - 4, 6) were isolated for the first time from this plant. These compounds were tested for inhibitory activities against LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. Compounds 5 and 6 displayed significant inhibitory effects, with $IC_{50}$ values of $27.9{\pm}2.6$ and $14.0{\pm}1.1{\mu}M$, respectively. The results suggested that E. utilis ethanolic extract may be used as a potential source of anti-inflammatory agents and functional foods for the treatment of allergic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.33-36
• /
• 1988

The emergences of Echinochloa glabrescens, Monochoria vaginalis, and Cyperus difformis seeds were little affected by fertilizer application. All shading treaments resulted in decrease in emergence of E. glabrescens, while shading up to 67% slightly stimulated emergence of M. vaginalis and C. difformis. The peak emergence of E. glabrescens was at two week after sowing in the full sunlight, 31, and 52% shading, but no peak emergence at the 67% shading. Emergence peaks of C. difformis were observed during 6 to 8 weeks after sowing for all shading levels employed.