• Proceedings of the Korean Professional Engineer Association Conference
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• 1996.12a
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• pp.76-102
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• 1996

북한은 전력부족난과 전기품질의 저하로 인하여 주요 생산기업에 지장을 주고 있으며, 노후 발전소의 성능저하도 함께 진행되고 있는 것으로 추정된다. 이에 대한 적절한 대책이 없는 한 그 상황은 더욱 악화될 전망이다. 한반도 에너지 개발기구(KEDO)가 추진하고 있는 경수로 원자력 발전기가 6～7년 후에 준공된다고 해도 이처럼 불안정한 전력계통에 병입되어 원활한 운전이 가능할런지 기대하기 곤란하다. 이러한 실정에서 \circled1 전력부족으로 주파수가 저하될 때 우선 순위가 낮은 부하를 제한하는 자동 부하제한 방식을 포함한 자동 주파수 제어 계통개선 \circled2 기존발전소 성능과 이용을 향상을 위한 재가동(Repowering) 등의 리 엔지니어링 \circled3 가스터빈 복합화력과 열병합발전(Co-generation) 등과 같이 건설기간이 짧고 비용이 적게 들며 송전 설비 건설도 불필요한 분산형 전원의 건설 \circled4 수력발전소와 조력발전소의 건설 \circled5 양수발전 등 전력에너지 저장설비의 개발 \circled6 송전전압격상과 배전방식개선 및 종합전력정보시스템 구축 \circled7 남ㆍ북한 전력계통 내지는 동북아시아 전력계통을 연계하는 평화망사업(Peace Network Project)등의 추진이 경수로 사업에 선행되어야 한다. 특히 러시아, 중국, 한국, 일본의 발전 에너지원 분포와 년간 부하곡선을 고려할 때 동북아시아 전력계통의 연계는 관련국 상호간에 에너지 환경과 경제적 측면에서 상당한 이득과 안정성을 강화해 줄 것이며, 기술발전과 평화공존에 크게 기여 할 것이다. 이를 위하여 관련국의 전력계통연계 전문가들이 참여하는 남\ulcorner북한전력 계통연계연합회(Co-Pia ; Co-rea Power Systems Interconnection Association)와 동북아지역전력 계통연합회(Near Pia=North-Eastern Asia Region Power Systems Interconnection Association)의 구성을 제안하는 바이다. 주요용어(Key Words): 자동주파수 제어(AFC), 리엔지니어링(Re-Engineering), 분산형 전원(Dispersed Generation System), 전력저장(Power Storage), 부하조절기(Load Conditioner), 수요관리(DSM) 연계(Interconnection), 인터시스템(Intersystem), 통합자원계획(IRP), 안전성 강화(Security Enhancement), 전력시장개방(Electricity Free Maket), 통일비용(Unification Expense, Unification Cost), 남ㆍ북한전력계통연계연합회(Co-Pia), 동북아지역전력 계통연계연합회(Nea,-Pia).

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.16-32
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• 2019

Media manipulation of breaking news through article selection, ranking and tweaking of social media data and comment streams is a growing concern for society. We argue that the combination of human and machine curation on media portals marks a new period for news media and journalism. Although intermediary platforms routinely claim that they are merely the neutral technological platform which facilitates news and information flows, rejecting any criticisms that they are operating as de facto media organisations; instead, we argue for an alternative, more active interpretation of their roles. In this article we provide a contemporary account of the South Korean ('Korean') online news media ecology as an exemplar of how contemporary media technologies, and in particular portals and algorithmic recommender systems, perform a powerful role in shaping the kind of news and information that citizens access. By highlighting the key stakeholders and their positions within the production, publication and distribution of news media, we argue that the overall impact of the major portal platforms of Naver and Kakao is far more consequential than simply providing an entertaining media diet for consumers. These portals are central in designing how and which news is sourced, produced and then accessed by Korean citizens. From a regulatory perspective the provision of news on the portals can be a somewhat ambiguous and moving target, subject to soft and harder regulatory measures. While we investigate a specific case study of the South Korean experience, we also trace out connections with the larger global media ecology. We have relied on policy documents, stakeholder interviews and portal user 'walk throughs' to understand the changing role of news and its surfacing on a distinctive breed of media platforms.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.90-117
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• 2019

How is science advice integrated in environmental policymaking? This is an increasingly pertinent question that is being raised since the nuclear catastrophe of Fukushima, Japan, in 2011. Global re-evaluation of energy policies and climate mitigation measures include discussions on how to better integrate science advice in policymaking, and at the same time keeping science independent from political influence. This paper addressed the policy discourse of setting up a national CO2 reduction target in Japanese policymaking between 2009 and 2012. The target proposed by the former DPJ government was turned down, and Japan lacked a clear strategy for long-term climate mitigation. The analysis provides explanations from a quantitative actor-network perspective. Centrality measures from social network analysis for policy actors in an environmental policy network of Japan were calculated to identify those actors that control the discourse. Data used for analysis comes from the Global Environmental Policy Actor Network 2 (GEPON 2) survey conducted in Japan (2012-13). Science advice in Japan was kept independent from political influence and was mostly excluded from policymaking. One of the two largest discourse coalitions in the environmental policy network promoted a higher CO2 reduction target for international negotiations but favored lowering the target after a new international agreement would have been set. This may explain why Japan struggled to commit to long-term mitigation strategies. Applying social network analysis to quantitatively calculate discourse coalitions was a feasible methodology for investigating "discursive power." But limited in discussing the "practice" (e.g. meetings, telephone, or email conversations) among the actors in discourse coalitions.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.77-89
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• 2013

Objectives Tongue diagnosis is an important diagnostic method in traditional Eastern medicine, and it has a high potential to be used in the future healthcare because of easy, quick, and non-contact measuring features. Recently, research and development efforts on computerized tongue diagnosis systems (CTDS) have been active that led to the technical advancements in the field of photographing techniques, image extraction and classification algorithms. In this study, we analyzed the trends in the CTDS patents. Using the WIPS search engine (www.wipsglobal.com), quantitative and qualitative patent analyses were performed through Korea, China, Japan, U.S.A and Europe. Methods For a systematic search and data analysis, we defined patent categories based on the application area and technical details. By applying thus-obtained categorical key words, we obtained 360 relevant patents on photographing techniques, image extraction and classification algorithms for the purpose of diagnosis or security. Results As a result, companies related to image acquisition, medical imaging and mobile devices and research groups of universities in East Asia were major patent applicants. In all the five countries, the number of patents have been increasing since 1980. In particular, technology related to color correction and image segmentation were most actively patented categories, and expected to continue a high application rate.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1053-1062
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• 2013

The shortwave aerosol direct radiative forcing (SWARF) was analyzed using the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data in the East Asian region from 2001 to 2010. In the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula, located in the leeward side of China, significantly negative high SWARF at the top of atmosphere (TOA) occurs due to the long-range transport of anthropogenic (e.g. sulphate) and natural aerosols (e.g. mineral dust) from the East Asian continent. Conversely, eastern China has much higher levels of SWARF at the surface (SFC) due to anthropogenically emitted aerosol than in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula. Since the radiative forcing of aerosols in the atmosphere are different in type, aerosol types were classified into sea salt+sulphate, smoke, sulphate and dust by using satellite data. The analysis on the SWARF by the classified aerosol types indicated that sulphate occupies a predominant portion of the atmosphere in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula in the summer. In particular, the annual averages of the summer TOA SWARF increased in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula from 2001 to 2010.

• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2014

A characteristic of snowfall and minimum temperature variability in South Korea with respect to the variability of Arctic Oscillation (AO) was investigated. The climatic snowfall regions of South Korea based on daily new fresh snowfall data of 59 Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) stations data corresponding to the sign of AO index during December to February 1979~2011 were classified. Especially, the differences between snowfalls of eastern regions and that of western regions in South Korea were seen by each mean 1000hPa geopotential height fields, which is one of physical structure, for the selected cases over the East Asia including the Korean Peninsula. Daily minimum temperature variability of 59 KMA station data and daily AO index during the same period were investigated using Cyclo-stationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis. The first CSEOF of wintertime daily AO index and that of minimum temperature of 59 KMA stations explain 33% and 66% of total variability, respectively. Correlation between principal component time series corresponding to the first CSEOF of AO index and that of temperature at the period of 1990s is over about -0.7 when that of AO index leads about 40 days.

• Atmosphere
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.55-70
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• 2008

The global time slice approach is a transient experiment using high resolution atmosphere-only model with boundary condition from the low resolution globally coupled ocean-atmosphere model. The present study employs this "time slice concept" using ECHAM4 atmosphere-only model at a horizontal resolution of T106 with the lower boundary forcing obtained from a lower-resolution (T42) greenhouse gas + aerosol forcing experiment performed using the ECHO-G/S (ECHAM4/HOPE-G) coupled model. In order to assess the impact of horizontal resolution on simulated East Asian summer monsoon climate, the differences in climate response between the time slice experiments of the present and that of IPCC SRES AR4 participating 21 models including coarser (T30) coupled model are compared. The higher resolution model from time slice experiment in the present climate show successful performance in simulating the northward migration and the location of the maximum rainfall during the rainy season over East Asia, although its rainfall amount was somewhat weak compared to the observation. Based on the present climate simulation, the possible change of East Asian summer monsoon rainfall in the future climate by the IPCC SRES A1B scenario, tends to be increased especially over the eastern part of Japan during July and September. The increase of the precipitation over this region seems to be related with the weakening of northwestern part of North Pacific High and the formation of anticyclonic flow over the south of Yangtze River in the future climate.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.184-190
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• 2016

Rosa rugosa Thunb, a deciduous shrub of the genus Rosa, has been widely used to treat stomach aches, diarrhoea, pain, and chronic inflammatory disease in eastern Asia. In recent years, our research team has extensively studied the Rosa rugosa flower extract, and specifically undertook pharmacological experiments which have optimized the extraction process. Our methods have yielded a standard extract enriched in phenolic compounds, named PRE. Herein, we expand our efforts and evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of PRE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. PRE significantly inhibited production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, and interleukin $1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), as well as expression of their synthesizing enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase2 (COX-2). Furthermore, PRE inhibited activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) as well as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) signaling pathway. Our findings are the first to explain the anti-inflammatory mechanism by PRE in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Given these results, we propose that PRE has therapeutic potential in the prevention of inflammatory disorders.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.501-509
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• 2016

Shikonin, which derives from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has been traditionally used against a variety of diseases, including cancer, in Eastern Asia. Here we determined that shikonin inhibits proliferation of gastric cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. Shikonin's biological activity was validated by observing cell viability, caspase 3 activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptotic marker expressions in AGS stomach cancer cells. The concentration range of shikonin was 35-250 nM with the incubation time of 6 h. Protein levels of Nrf2 and p53 were evaluated by western blotting and confirmed by real-time PCR. Our results revealed that shikonin induced the generation of ROS as well as caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNK) activity was significantly elevated in shikonin-treated cells, thereby linking JNK to apoptosis. Furthermore, our results revealed that shikonin induced p53 expression but repressed Nrf2 expression. Moreover, our results suggested that there may be a co-regulation between p53 and Nrf2, in which transfection with siNrf2 induced the p53 expression. We demonstrated for the first time that shikonin activated cell apoptosis in AGS cells via caspase 3- and JNK-dependent pathways, as well as through the p53-Nrf2 mediated signal pathway. Our study validates in partly the contribution of shikonin as a new therapeutic approaches/agent for cancer chemotherapy.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.25-33
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• 2011

Daoism is a very important subject that consists of oriental medicine(traditional east asia medicine). Among the many scriptures, The Zhouyi cantong qi (周易參同契, Token for Joining the Three in Accordance with the Book of Changes) is the main Chinese alchemical scripture. This book is composed with three kinds of subject, Zhouyi(周易, the Book of Changes), the Huanglao(黃老) Tradition and alchemy(鍊金, 爐火). The author's name is not signed but is concealed in the text. According to the traditional account, the legendary Han immortal from Guiji (會稽, in present-day Zhejiang, 古 浙江), Wei Boyang(魏伯陽), wrote it in the period between Emperor Shun and Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han (126-127 BC), after reading the Longhu jing (龍虎經, Scripture of the Dragon and Tiger). Later he transmitted it to Xu Congshi(徐從事), who appended a commentary, and to Chunyu Shutong(淳于叔通), who first circulated it in the world. While some features of this account provide significant details - especially about the reputed date of the text and about its formation having taken place in stages - the received Cantong qi(參同契) actually is not the product of a single generation of authors, but the result of several centuries of textual accretions as well as theory of three co-authorship by Wei Boyang(魏伯陽), Xu Congshi(徐從事), Chunyu Shutong(淳于叔通). It has over 6000 characters in four-word or five-word verses. Some parts of the book are in styles of prose and poem. Many scholars explain the title "cantongqi(參同契)", saying that "Can(參)" means three, "Tong(同)" means correspondence, and "Qi(契)" means unification. Through images of hexagrams of the Book of Changes, the book illustrates the thought of the Huanglao(黃老) Tradition and alchemy. Wei Boyang(魏伯陽) theorizes his own experience unifying the way of intercourse of Yin and Yang in the Book of Changes, the cultivation of spirit through spontaneity of the Huanglao(黃老) Tradition and the elixir refining of alchemy.