• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
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• v.1
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• pp.7-24
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• 2019

A. J. Toynbee published a book called Travel to China(1931) after traveling around the Asian continent in 1929. The book mostly focuses on Japan, China and the relationship between the two countries. Toynbee visited major cities in Japan and China by train. Most of the Japanese cities he saw were turning into modern cities in the process of spontaneous modernization mixed with its tradition. On the other hand, Chinese cities that he visited showed him various characteristics, including traditional, colonial, or semi-colonial cities. The modern cities of Japan and China in the late 1920s were transformed into various aspects under the influence of tradition, spontaneous modernization, colonial or anti-colonial modernization. How did Toynbee look at cities in East Asia? How did he recognize the relationship between tradition, modernization and colonization while visiting this area? Toynbee emphasizes the weight and influence of tradition especially in the development of modern cities in Japan and China. So, are modern European cities born out of their own traditions? Modern cities everywhere in the East and West were newly developed under the influence of tradition. Toynbee's attitude, which emphasizes especially its tradition in the modern cities of East Asia, seems to reflect his Orientalistic view.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.309-338
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• 2003

China, the largest country in East Asia, has a pteridoflora of over 2000 species, belonging to about 220 genera in 63 families. There are about 28 East Asiatic genera of Pteridophytes and 6 genera specifically endemic to China. Most of these genera are oligotypic or monotypic groups. Five distribution patterns of the East Asiatic genera are distinguished, i.e., I. Sino-Himalayan type, 10 genera; II. Sino-Japanese type, 4 genera; III. Japan-Himalayan type, 6 genera; IV. Temperate East Asiatic type, 3 genera; and V. Tropical East Asiatic type, 5 genera. The Chinese endemic genera are mainly distributed in southwestern China. The distribution, ecology, taxonomy, and systematics of these genera are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.288-310
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• 2017

This paper aims to provide a conceptual framework to see the special zones in East Asia in relation to the territorialities of the state. For this, it will introduce Aihwa Ong's notion of 'spaces of exception', and provide some critical discussions on it. Unlike Ong, I do not see the spaces of exception as an outcome of neoliberal changes of the state. Instead, I propose to see the special zones in terms of the internal limitations of the modern state territoriality. In particular, I try to theorize the special zones in relation to the dialectics of the contradictory relations between mobility and fixity inherent in the territoriality of the modern nation state. In addition, it will be suggested to see special zones as an essential part of the spatiality of the East Asian developmental states, given the spatio-temporal contexts of the East Asian capitalist development. On the basis of these theoretical discussions, this paper will divide the special zones that have been developed in East Asia since the 1960s into 3 different types, including 1) developmentalist special zones, 2) neo-liberal special zones, and 3) special zones for transition, and discuss their characteristics.

• Atmosphere
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.293-309
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• 2020

There are lots of indices that define the intensity of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) in climate systems. This paper assesses the prediction skill for EASM indices in a Global Seasonal Forecasting System (GloSea5) that is currently operating at KMA. Total 5 different types of EASM indices (WNPMI, EAMI, WYI, GUOI, and SAHI) are selected to investigate how well GloSea5 reproduces them using hindcasts with 12 ensemble members with 1~3 lead months. Each index from GloSea5 is compared to that from ERA-Interim. Hindcast results for the period 1991~2010 show the highest prediction skill for WNPMI which is defined as the difference between the zonal winds at 850 hPa over East China Sea and South China Sea. WYI, defined as the difference between the zonal winds of upper and lower level over the Indian Ocean far from East Asia, is comparatively well captured by GloSea5. Though the prediction skill for EAMI which is defined by using meridional winds over areas of East Asia and Korea directly affected by EASM is comparatively low, it seems that EAMI is useful for predicting the variability of precipitation by EASM over East Asia. The regressed atmospheric fields with EASM index and the correlation with precipitation also show that GloSea5 best predicts the synoptic environment of East Asia for WNPMI among 5 EASM indices. Note that the result in this study is limited to interpret only for GloSea5 since the prediction skill for EASM index depends greatly on climate forecast model systems.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.879-890
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• 2011

The GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) data provide new opportunities the most regionally complete and up-to-date assessment of $CO_2$. However, in practice, GOSAT records often suffer from missing data values mainly due to unfavorable meteorological condition in specific time periods of data acquisition. The aim of this research was to identify optimal spatial interpolation techniques to ensure the continuity of $CO_2$ from samples taken in the North East Asia. The accuracy among ordinary kriging (OK), universal kriging (UK) and simple kriging (SK) was compared based on the combined consideration of $R^2$ values, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Error (ME) for variogram models. Cross validation for 1312 random sampling points indicate that the (UK) kriging is the best geostatistical method for spatial predictions of $CO_2$ in the East Asia region. The results from this study can be useful for selecting optimal kriging algorithm to produce $CO_2$ map of various landscapes. Also, data users may benefit from a statistical approach that would allow them to better understand the uncertainty and limitations of the GOSAT sample data.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

In this work, the present concentration levels of total gaseous mercury (TGM) are compared among three East Asian countries, Korea, China, and Japan. Comparison of Hg distribution patterns was made by selecting representative figures for each type of land use among those three countries. The results of the analysis indicate that Hg concentrations within a country can fall into a wide range due probably to the diversity of source processes. It is seen that the urban areas of China and Japan generally exhibit large spatial variability with notably high Hg levels (above 10 ng m$^{-3}$), compared to their Korean counterparts. Although the presence of high Hg levels in Chinese locations can be accounted for by the major man-made source processes (e.g., the use of coal), the causes of unexpectedly high Hg data in Japanese sites appear to be rather complicated. The Hg concentration levels in relatively remote locations however show much reduced values, above 3 ng m$^{-3}$, which is still higher than the typical background concentrations of 1 to 2 ng m$^{-3}$ in Europe or America. Considering that the presence of unusually high Hg levels in urban areas of Asia is the consequence of man-made activities, the prevalence of excessively high Hg values in certain regions of the Asian continent needs further research to accurately assess the fundamental picture of Hg geochemistry in the East Asia.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.7-29
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• 2011

This research was to suggest the types according to structural system of the pagoda in ancient East-Asia and analyze the pagoda to the west of Mireuksaji temple site by these types. It will be possible to understand consistently the relation of the various form of the pagoda. The results of this research were described separately as follows. 1. The Buddhist pagodas founded in the ancient East Asia can be categorized according to their structural system, which provide us with insight to understand the interrelationship of categories. The pagoda is mainly classified into three categories. The first consists of two structures, an internal and an external structure. The second exposes its internal structure to the outside, and the third has the external components changing into the internal ones. 2. Although the pagoda to the west of Mireuksaji Temple Site have an internal and an external structures, it actually solves the structural problem by adopting the masonry structure in the outside as well as in the inside. Especially in this structural consideration can be found in the stylobate and the foundation structure of the pillar. The plan of the pagoda to the west of Mireuksaji Temple Site was intended to reveal the plane of the post-lintel layered construction which has a member, a main pillar, and the inner space in the cube with stones.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2010

We report results of image simulations of the KVN and VLBI experiments of the KVN with several other East Asia VLBI facilities. To investigate their imaging capability a model-generated image of 7 mm SiO maser emission in Mira variables is used. The resulting simulations show that the joint VLBI experiments of the KVN with East Asia VLBI facilities can produce reasonably good images at 7 mm spectral line experiments. However, there are no apparent differences in peak flux densities and images themselves in the simulations among different combinations of these facilities. In addition, the simulated images of observations which include bigger antennas do not show any expected improvement to the image sensitivity. The small variations in the peak flux density and similar image sensitivity, irrespective of different antenna sizes or numbers of baselines used in the simulations, turn out due to a specific characteristic of the adopted model image. Test simulations using another SiO maser image from R Cas observations prove that the participation of bigger antennas in the VLBI experiments does improve image sensitivity. We confirm the need of additional longer baselines in the experiments of the East Asia VLBI facilities to study very compact maser clumps on sub-milliarcsecond scales.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.29-59
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• 2001

This paper aims to describe port competition in East Asia and the Korean government's port strategy. In doing so, the paper provides an overview of global changes in international trade, the shipping industry and the port business. It also delineates the status of port competition in the region. Particular examples are taken from the competition among the ports of Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, as well as those of Pusan and Kwangyang, Kaohsiung, Kobe, and Shanghai and Yantian. The port competition in East Asia is reviewed and classified in two groups: north-tier competition among traditional major players, such as Kobe and Pusan, and dark horses such as Shanghai, Kwangyang and perhaps Yokohama; and south-tier competition among the three traditionally big players Kaohsiung, Hong Kong and Singapore, and the relative newcomers of Yantian in China, and Tanjung Pelepas In Malaysia. Due to the enlarging of ships and expansion of port activities, the boundary between the two tier frontiers breakdown, or they may even merge, into one grand frontier, in the foreseeable future. Although it appears that Asian ports are not being very aggressive in preparing for the future of mega-carrier in their plans, it is true that China, Korea and Taiwan are moving full steam ahead in comprehensively developing their container ports on a large scale. It therefore seems to be the perfect time for rival ports to explore a port alliance strategy to fight against the trend toward alliances between of many shipping lines.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.329-339
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• 1993

Due to the global-convection currents, transboundary transport of air pollutants is widely observed in many regions of the world. This study was carried out to investigate the pattern of long-range transport of air pollutants in North East Asia, especially the impact of air pollutants originated in China and Japan on the air quality in Korea. From the meteorological data at the 850 mb surface from May 1986 through April 1987 at 54 obsevation stations in the North East Asia region, the backward and forward trajectories were calculated using interpolation method. And the contributions of pollution sources in neighbor countries to the air quality in Korea were analyzed. It was concluded that air pollution in China had a great influence on the air quality in Korea throughout the year : it could be transported to Korea just within 2 or 3 days most of the time. The trajectory analysis showed that pollution sources in Beijing. Liaoning Province, and Shandong Province, the most heavily industrialized areas in China., were the most influential for the air quality in Korea except for summer season. Durnig summer season, the air pollution in Shanhai and Japan could have moer influence on Korea. Such transboundary transport of air pollutants necessitate international cowork and cooperation in the region of North East Asia.