• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.861-871
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• 2016

The Groningen gas field shows exponential growth in earthquake event counts around a magnitude M1 with a doubling time of 6-9 years since 2001. This behavior is identified with dimensionless curvature in land subsidence, which has been evolving at a constant rate over the last few decades essentially uncorrelated to gas production. We demonstrate our mechanism by a tabletop crack formation experiment. The observed skewed distribution of event magnitudes is matched by that of maxima of event clusters with a normal distribution. It predicts about one event < M5 per day in 2025, pointing to increasing stress to human living conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.585-590
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• 2011

Accelerometers have been exploited widely in various fields from monitoring vibration of precision machines to detecting an earthquake wave. The precision calibration of the accelerometers is required to maintain the measurement reliability when measuring the vibration of objects with accelerometers for modal analysis. Among evaluation factors for determining sensitivity of accelerometers, phase delay term should be also considered for accurate calibration. In this paper, a new calibration system of accelerometers capable of measuring phase delay as well as magnitude of its sensitivity was proposed and realized in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 5 kHz.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.330-330
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• 2017

최근 우리나라 주변에 잦은 지진으로 인한 재해위험도 증가 우려가 커지고 있다. 국내 외에서 지진해일 위험도 평가는 시나리오를 기준으로 수치해석을 수행하고 이들 결과를 활용하는 절차로 수행된다. 그러나 위험도 평가는 하중조건 즉, 지진해일을 발생시키는 지진의 발생빈도 및 크기를 종합적으로 고려한 확률 계산이 우선적으로 요구되나, 기존 분석 절차에서는 고려가 되지 않거나 상대적으로 간략화 되어 진행되고 있다. 이러한 점에서 본 연구에서는 과거 우리나라 주변에 지진 및 지진해일 자료, 수치해석 모형 결과를 활용하여, 지진의 규모와 발생빈도를 종합적으로 고려할 수 있는 지진해일 위험도 평가 방법을 수립하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 첫째, 지진 위험도 평가를 위해서 Poisson-Pareto 분포를 이용하였다. 둘째, 지진발생 위치 및 크기를 고려한 지진해일 위험도 평가 모형을 개발하였다. 셋째, 지진발생 위험도 및 지진해일 위험도를 통합한 해석 모형을 개발하고자 하며, 본 연구애서 제시하는 모든 해석 절차는 매개변수의 불확실성을 고려할 수 있도록 Bayesian 해석기법을 도입하여 진행하였다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.311-320
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• 2019

Obelisks are historical monuments. There are several obelisks dating from ancient Egyptian period, located around various parts of the world. The city of Istanbul is a home to the Obelisk of Theodosius at the Hippodrome. Due to the expectation of a large event in the near future, the evaluation of seismic response of the Obelisk gets importance. Therefore, in this study structural dynamic behavior of the Obelisk was investigated using discrete element approach. Nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed using real and synthetic time series. Real and synthetic ground motions analyzed from this study seems consistent with the earthquake hazard levels that would be expected at the site of the Obelisk in the occurrence of an event of moment magnitude above 7.0 near Istanbul. Results are evaluated in terms of variation of displacement, relative displacement of adjacent blocks, normal stress and shear stress in time.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.1669-1680
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• 2019

Seismic safety is considered to be one of the key design objectives of AP1000 nuclear power plant (NPP) in strong earthquakes. Dynamic behavior, damage development and aggravation effect are studied in this study for the three main components of AP1000 NPP, namely reinforced concrete shield building (RCSB), steel vessel containment (SVC) and reinforced concrete auxiliary building (RCAB). Characteristics including nonlinear concrete tension and compressive constitutions with plastic damage are employed to establish the numerical model, which is further validated by existing studies. The author investigates three earthquakes and eight input levels with the maximum magnitude of 2.4 g and the results show that the concrete material of both RCSB and RCAB have suffered serious damage in intense earthquakes. Considering RCAB in the whole NPP, significant damage aggravation effect can be detected, which is mainly concentrated at the upper intersection between RCSB and RCAB. SVC and reinforcing bar demonstrate excellent seismic performance with no obvious damage.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.268-276
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• 2010

Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Law was activated into force on March 2009. By the law, the obligation to monitor the effect of earthquake on the facilities was extended to many organizations such as gas company and local governments. Based on the estimation of National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), the number of free-surface acceleration stations would be expanded to more than 400. The advent of internet protocol and the more simplified operation have allowed the quick and easy installation of seismic stations. In addition, the dynamic range of seismic instruments has been continuously improved enough to evaluate damage intensity and to alert alarm directly for earthquake hazard mitigation. For direct visualization of damage intensity and area, Real Time Intensity COlor Mapping (RTICOM) is explained in detail. RTICOM would be used to retrieve the essential information for damage evaluation, Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). Destructive earthquake damage is usually due to surface waves which just follow S wave. The peak amplitude of surface wave would be pre-estimated from the amplitude and frequency content of first arrival P wave. Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system is conventionally defined to estimate local magnitude from P wave. The status of EEW is reviewed and the application of EEW to Odesan earthquake is exampled with ShakeMap in order to make clear its appearance. In the sense of rapidity, the earthquake announcement of Korea Meteorological Agency (KMA) might be dramatically improved by the adaption of EEW. In order to realize hazard mitigation, EEW should be applied to the local crucial facilities such as nuclear power plants and fragile semi-conduct plant. The distributed EEW is introduced with the application example of Uljin earthquake. Not only Nation-wide but also locally distributed EEW applications, all relevant information is needed to be shared in real time. The plan of extension of Korea Integrated Seismic System (KISS) is briefly explained in order to future cooperation of data sharing and utilization.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.617-634
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of between earthquakes and fluctuation of water level in a groundwater well of the active-fault zone and 124 national groundwater monitoring wells in Gyeongju area. The spatial and temporal relationships between the fluctuation of water level and the earthquake were analyzed by the calculation of earthquake effectiveness (ε) and q-factor which are the function of earthquake magnitude and distance from epicenter. Two earthquake events of E1 (April 22, 2019, M 3.8) and E2 (June 11, 2019, M 2.5) show a close relationship with a post-seismic 83 cm decrease and a pre-seismic 76 cm increase in water level at the active fault zone of Dangu-ri, respectively. The spatial analysis of water level fluctuation data in National Groundwater Monitoring Networks caused by earthquake events shows a more distinct response in deep groundwater around fault zones than other area, and a greater change in deep groundwater than shallow groundwater. It's inferred that the decrease and increase in groundwater level are affected by the expansion of fractures and compression of rock mass due to seismic stress, respectively. The effective ranges of ε-value and q-factor of the monitoring well in Dangu-ri were calculated as 2.70E-10~5.60E-10 and 14.4~18.0, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.135-145
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• 2019

The slope collapse can be classified into internal and external factors. Internal factors are engineering factors inherent in the formation of slopes such as soil depth, slope angle, shear strength of soil, and external factors are external loading such as earthquakes. The external factor for earthquake can be expressed by various values such as peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), Arias coefficient (I), natural period (T_p), and spectral acceleration (S_aT=1.0). Specially, PGA is the most typical value that defines the magnitude of the ground motion of an earthquake. However, it is not enough to consider the displacement in the slope which depends on the duration of the earthquake even if the vibration has the same peak ground acceleration. In this study, numerical analysis of two-dimensional plane strain conditions was performed on engineered block, and slope responses due to seismic motion of scaling PGA to 0.2 g various event scenarios was analyzed. As a result, the response of slope is different depending on the presence or absence of sliding block; it is shown that slope response depend on the seismic wave triggering sliding block than the input motion factors.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.71-83
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• 2014

Busan is located at the mouth of Nakdong River and if an earthquake occurs, it is very likely that the damage by the earthquake will be worse as liquefaction can happen in the sand layer, builtup soil, and landfill ground due to amplification in the lower sedimentary layer that is well developed in the river mouth. Therefore, this study first examined the possibility of liquefaction in the replaced sand layer under breakwater using 14 earthquakes in 5.6-7.9 scale and artificial earthquakes including the seismic wave suggested in the standard specifications for seismic design of ports and fishing port facilities to evaluate the stability of breakwater which is the primary protective structure for port facilities against earthquakes. Second, analysis on characteristics of the seismic energy and acceleration response spectrum by size of earthquake was performed to suggest the most appropriate size of seismic wave for the condition in Korea. Third, finite element analysis was performed using the suggested seismic wave to study the characteristics of earthquake by finding the dynamic lateral displacement of breakwater and verifying the stability of structure and the displacement and forces occurring at geotextile. Results of the study showed that the possibility of liquefaction in the landfill and replaced sand layer, the dynamic lateral displacement of breakwater, and changes of geotextile are greatly affected by the subsurface ground (replaced sand layer).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.2 no.2 s.5
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• pp.73-83
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• 2002

HAZUS developed by FEMA is applied to estimation on seismic hazard in Chung-Nam Province using basic data on general building, population, and geology of well-logging. Through the investigation on historical and instrumental earthquakes in Korean Peninsula seismic hazard is estimated in Chung-Nam Province in two ways for calculation of acceleration, deterministically and probabilistically. In deterministic method seismic hazard in Chung-Nam Province is estimated by generation of the maximum event that occurs in Hongsung and has magnitude of 6.0. According to the result, Hongsung Gun, Yesan Gun, and Boryung City are the most severe in building damage. The expected number of people who need hospitalization in Hongsung Gun and Yesan Gun due to the earthquake are 1.1 and 0.4, respectively. In probabilistic(return period of 5,000 year) method seismic hazard in Chung-Nam Province is estimated. According to the result, Gongju City is the most severe in building damage. The expected number of people who need hospitalization in Gongju City and Nonsan City due to the earthquake are 0.1 and 0.15, respectively.