• 한국사회복지학
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• 제41권
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• pp.43-67
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• 2000

The main source in financing the National Pension benefits is the contribution raised from the insured's earnings. So, Most of the insured take a great interest in the questions of what return on the payment of contribution National Pension benefits provide and whether there be the difference in return according to earnings level. The Purpose of this study is to assess money's worth of National Pension and to answer the above questions. There are two basic types of money worth analysis, empirical and hopothetical. This study basically belongs to the former in terms that it is based on actual earnings and insured term. For performing money's worth analysis, four different measures which are referred as the "break-even period", the "benefit/tax ratio", the "net lifetime transfer", the "internal rate of return" are used and they all involve the way in which the relationship between the present value of contributions and the present values of benefit is present. The results which evaluate average money's worth of accrued rights before 1999 are le as follows. Break-even period is about 43 months, benefit/tax ratio being 4.9, net lifetime transfers being about 37 mil1ion won, internal rate of return being 33.2%. This verifies that money' worth of National Pension is much higher than actuarially fair. In the mean while, money' worth is proved to be very different according to earnings level. The progressivity relationship between earnings level and rate of return is found in all measures but net lifetime transfer.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2020

The study aims to investigate the impact level of earnings quality on firm value. The study has used data with 3,910 observations at listed firms on Vietnam Stock Exchange for the period from 2010 to 2018, and GLS regression analysis is employed in this research. Earnings quality is measured in the aspects of earnings management, earnings persistence, and timeliness of profitability. This study also considers a number of controlled variables that positively influence the firm's value such as firm size, fixed asset investment rate and dividend payout ratio. The results show that earnings quality is positively associated with firm value with having statistical significance. In contrast, some determinants negatively influence firm value such as financial leverage, ratio of market value to book value, and revenue growth. Determinants of firm size, the rate of investment in fixed assets, the rate of dividend payment positively affect the firm value. In contrast, determinants of financial leverage, revenue growth rate and market value to book value ratio are inversely related to firm value according to economic value, Tobin's Q or Price. Based on the findings, some recommendations are proposed for investors, management and policy makers as well in the context of emerging countries including Vietnam.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.675-684
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• 2021

This paper aims to analyze factors influencing earnings of workers in Vietnam using provincial-level data from 2016 to 2018. We show the important determinants of earnings of workers of more than 15 years old including working hour, labor force, life expectancy, education, regulation measured by Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) and especially Industry 4.0, our major depart from literature proxies by government expenditure on science and technology, number of phone lines, and number of internet users. Working hours are a typical measurement of quantity of labor supplied. Labor force represents market size from the supply side. Life expectancy measures the health of laborers, a physical quality measure of workers. PCI stands for institutional status of the locality. Two most important factors of our interest are education, representing qualification of workers, and Industry 4.0, reflecting the new working environment of workers. By estimating a robust standard error fixed-effect model, we have evidence that all factors are significant in explaining earnings of Vietnamese workers. Education and IR4.0 play an important role in earnings of workers of Vietnam. Results also provide an estimation of Vietnam's labor supply in the context of Industry 4.0. In addition, findings contribute to explain the income discrepancy among Vietnamese provinces.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.68-83
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• 2019

건설폐기물 기업의 중간처분업 특성은 이익조정의 여지가 큰 기업에서는 재무적 특성과 이익조정 간의 관계에서 이익조정 유인을 촉진하는 요인으로 작용하기 때문에 부정적 영향을 미칠 가능성이 크다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 건설폐기물 기업을 대상으로 중간처분업 특성을 고려하여 재무적 특성과 이익조정 간의 관계를 실증적으로 검증하고자 하였다. 분석결과, 건설폐기물 기업의 사업규모가 클수록, 매출채권회수기간이 긴 기업일수록 실물활동에 의한 이익의 상향조정 의도가 강하게 나타났다. 건설폐기물 기업의 영업활동 현금창출능력이 부족할수록, 에비타마진율과 영업이익률의 차이가 산업평균비율의 차이보다 낮은 기업일수록 재량적 발생액과 실물활동에 의한 이익조정이 더욱 크게 나타났다. 이러한 재무적 특성과 이익조정 간의 유의한 관계는 중간 처분업의 특성인 수주능력, 중간처리능력, 보관능력 등에 따라 그 능력이 우수한 기업 및 열악한 기업별로 다른 행태를 보였다. 본 연구는 회계분야에서 연구되고 있는 재무적 특성과 이익조정 간의 관계에 대하여 건설폐기물산업으로 그 범위를 확대하였으며, 건설폐기물 기업의 이익조정이 재무적 특성에 따라 중간처분업의 고유한 특성을 반영하여 차별적으로 실행되고 있다는 실증결과를 제시하였다는 점에서 의미가 있다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.1073-1081
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• 2021

When firms have higher environmental performance, they can provide sustainable business that allows firms to build the value of credibility and ethics, higher reputation, higher productivity, and lower costs. The advantages of environmental responsibilities help firms to maintain their earnings level over a long-term period. This research aims to examine the effect of environmental performance on earnings persistence. Research samples include 413 manufacturing firms-years listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange and the PROPER evaluation in 2013-2019. Environmental performance is measured by PROPER evaluation rating. The result shows that environmental performance has a positive effect on earnings persistence. The advantage of environmental responsibilities allows firms to enjoy performance sustainability and persistence in a long-term period, not only periodically. Also, the positive effect of environmental performance on earnings persistence occurs more in the environmentally sensitive industry than non-sensitive ones. Since an environmentally-sensitive industry brings more environmental damage, higher environmental performance is more valuable to provide sustainability. This research has limitations to use all the Indonesian Stock Exchange-listed firms since not all firms participate in the PROPER evaluation. This research implies firms' management should maintain earnings persistence and sustainability by implementing higher-quality environmental responsibility, especially for firms in an environmentally-sensitive industry.

• Journal of East Asia Management
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.23-51
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• 2023

We investigate whether the association between management overconfident tone and the level of audit effort measured by audit fees and hours differs depending on the level of earnings management. Prior studies suggest that firms led by overconfident managers are likely to initiate risky investments, report low quality financial statements, and have material weaknesses in internal control system. These characteristics, combined together, result in higher audit risk. At the same time, auditors assess audit risk based on the quality of financial reporting, measured by level of earnings management. As a result, the assess audit risk is likely to reflect the combined effect of management overconfidence and the level of earnings management. In this paper, we investigate whether auditors differentiate the effects of real earnings management (REM) and accrual-based earnings management (AEM) when they assess the audit risk related management overconfident. Using the CEO's letter published in 2018, we measure the CEO's tone representing the degree of overconfidence (i.e., activity). Based on this measure, we find that the positive association between managerial overconfident tone and audit effort is more pronounced as the level of REM is higher. However, we find that the baseline association does not vary depending on the level of AEM. These results suggest that auditors consider the managerial overconfident severer when such characteristic accompany the higher level of REM, which can be outcome of aggressive business decisions possibly leading to the higher audit risks. We further find that these results are stronger for Big 4 auditors and continuing auditors. This paper contributes to the literature and practice as follows. First, we provide contextual evidence on how auditors reflect managerial characteristics in the audit process by documenting that auditors actively increase their audit efforts only when overconfident managerial characteristics are highly likely to lead to audit risk. This result suggests that auditors conduct external auditing considering both the efficiency and effectiveness of the audit process. Second, we suggest that auditors use information obtained from a wide range of sources to identify audit risks. Our results provide evidence of how the auditing standards, which do not provide detailed guidelines for audit risk assessment, are being applied in practice. Finally, our results also enhance the understanding of how audit fees are determined. Combined with the studies related to audit pricing, we provide the important reference for discussion between the auditor and the auditee about the audit fee that has created acute tension after the enforcement of the new External Audit Act.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.40-55
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 건설폐기물 기업의 폐기물처리량이 이익조정에 미치는 영향이 허용보관량 규모와 폐기물처리장 소재지에 따라서 차별적으로 나타나는지를 검증하였다. 주요 실증분석 결과 첫째, 건설폐기물 기업의 폐기물처리량은 이익조정에 영향을 미치며, 허용보관량 규모별로 규모가 작은 기업의 경우 폐기물처리량이 적을수록, 규모가 큰 기업의 경우 폐기물처리량이 많을수록 재량적 발생액을 이용한 이익조정이 이루어지는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 폐기물처리량이 이익조정에 미치는 영향은 폐기물처리장 소재지별로 비수도권에 소재한 기업의 경우 폐기물처리량이 적을수록, 수도권에 소재한 기업의 경우 폐기물처리량이 많을수록 재량적 발생액 및 실물활동을 통한 이익조정이 이루어지는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 아직까지 연구되지 않은 건설폐기물 기업의 이익조정 동기 요인으로 폐기물처리량의 영향을 분석하고 그 효과가 허용보관량 규모와 폐기물처리장의 소재지 등 기업이 처한 환경에 따라 차별적으로 나타난다는 실증결과를 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

Purpose - This study investigates whether financial analysts consider the intangible investment implicit in selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenditures to forecast firms' future earnings. Research design, data, and methodology - Using 52,609 U.S. firm-year observations spanning 1984-2016, this study examines the association between the Intangible investment implicit in SG&A expenditures and properties of analysts' earnings forecasts. To estimate the Intangible investment of SG&A, I decompose SG&A excluding R&D and advertising expenditures into maintenance and investment components following Enache and Srivastava (2017). Results - The main results show that analysts' earnings forecast errors and dispersion in analysts' forecasts increase with the intangible investment derived from SG&A because the investment component of SG&A affects future earnings and the uncertainty of those earnings. However, these results are weakened in the wholesale and retail industries where firms have a higher level of investment component of SG&A. I attribute the weaker results to low R&D expenditures in those industries. Conclusion - This study indicates that financial analysts incorporate the intangible investment of SG&A into their earnings forecasts differently across firms and industries. Furthermore, this study supports the argument for the separate reporting of the investment nature of SG&A from other operating expenses such as maintenance nature of SG&A.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.135-164
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• 2010

본 연구는 기술진보의 소득증대 효과가 근로자의 직무(숙련) 특성에 따라 다를 것이라는 전제 하에, 산업간 기술격차가 근로소득에 미치는 영향을 자영업과 임금근로로 나누어 비교 분석하였다. 실증분석에는 한국노동패널조사(KLIPS) 자료를 사용하였고, 2단계 추정법과 분위회귀분석을 사용하였다. 분석 결과, 임금근로(직업특수적 숙련)에 대해서는 기술진보의 소득증대 효과가 고학력자에 집중되는 반면, 자영업주(경영가적 숙련)에 대해서는 기술진보의 소득중대 효과가 모든 학력계층에서 나타났다. 이러한 부문별 차이는 분위회귀분석에서도 동일하게 나타난다.

• Asia Pacific Journal of Business Review
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-34
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• 2019

This study investigates whether and how a firm's cost of equity capital is influenced by the extent of a firm's real earnings management (REM). Using a large sample of Hong Kong and Chinese firms over the 9-year period 2009-2017, we find that our implied cost of equity estimates are positively associated with both the extent of REM and the extent of accrual-based earnings management (AEM), but the positive association is stronger for REM than for AEM. We also provide evidence suggesting that the effect of AEM and REM on the cost of equity is more pronounced for Hong Kong firms than Chinese firms, and within Chinese firms, it is less pronounced for the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Collectively, our results suggest that while both REM and AEM exacerbate the quality of earnings used by outside investors, REM does so to a greater extent than AEM, and thus the market demands a higher risk premium for REM activities than for AEM activities and that this cost of capital-increase effect is more prominent in a developed market like Hong Kong and mitigated by state ownership in China because of investors' expectations for a lower level of detriments to firm fundamentals by REM due to government's protection in a less developed market like China.