• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.85-89
• /
• 2008

This study assessed the incidence of embryo and fetal loss following early pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasonography in dairy cows. A positive pregnancy was a recognition of the vesicle, embryo or fetus by ultrasonography. Seven hundreds and two pregnancies determined by ultrasonography following artificial insemination were divided into three groups according to the number of days diagnosed pregnant: early A group (27 to 40 days, n = 143), early B group (41 to 50 days, n = 172), or standard group (51 to 70 days, n = 387). Following a positive pregnancy diagnosis, embryo or fetal loss included all cows with observed abortions and cows found open after the positive pregnancy diagnosis. The incidence rate of embryo or fetal loss within 7 days after pregnancy diagnosis was 1.4, 0.6 and 0.3% for the early A, early B, and standard groups, respectively (P>0.05). The incidence of the embryo or fetal loss during 8 to 30 days after pregnancy diagnosis did not differ (P>0.05) among the early A (0%), early B (1.2%), and standard groups (1.0%). Furthermore, the cumulative incidence of the embryo or fetal loss before calving did not differ (P>0.05) among the early A (9.8%), early B (9.3%), and standard groups (5.9%). These results indicate that early pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasonography does not increase the risk of embryo and fetal loss compared with that of routine pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.135-141
• /
• 1980

This experiment was carried out to investigate of the early pregnancy diagnosis by finger pressure method, mucus smear method and rectal palpation method in 169 heads of pregnant dairy cow. 1. Pregnancy diagnostic rate of previous, middle and late period of pregnancy by finger pressure methods were 87.3%, 82.0% and 70% respectively. 2. Pregnancy diagnostic rate of previous, middle and late period of pregnancy by mucus smear methods were 83.1%. 94.9% and 95.0% respectively. 3. Pregnancy diagnostic rate of previous, middle and later period of pregnancy by rectal palpation methods were 83.1%, 96.1% and 100% respectively. 4. Pregnancy diagnostic rate of early pregnancy by finger pressure method, mucus smear method and rectal palpation method were 86.7%, 86.8% and 66% respectively. 5. Accordingly, finger pressure method in pregnancy diagnosis is thought to be recommendable because this early diagnostic means are simple with accurate results.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.22-29
• /
• 1998

To investigate the estrual changes of ovaries, appropriate time of mating, diagnosis of early pregnancy after mating, and diagnosis of twin fetuses, ultrasonography was performed in 61 thorough-bred mares (5-12 years old) which had been raised in Chrju island. The followings are the results obtained: 1. The average size of a follicle of mares was $3.2{\times} 3.8cm$ at the beginning of estrus and $4.2{\times} 3.5 cm$ from the middle of estrus to ovulations respectively, and the average size of a follicle and a corpus luteum was $1.8{\times} 1.4 cm and 3.1{\times}2.3 cm$ in the middle of diestrus, respectively. 2. In the result of pregnancy according to mating time after ultrasonographic examination of follicle size, the mares having a follicle of 4.6-5.0 cm (diameter) were mated on the day of ultrasonographic examination or the next day rind all were conceived (3 mares) and another mares having a follicle of 4.1- 4.5cm (diameter) on the 1st or 2nd day after examination and all were conceived (4 mares). 3. By ultrasonographyi early pregnancy in the mares was diagnosed from 12 days of pregnancy and the equine fetus was directly detectable from 23 days of pregnancy, whereas the heartbeat of a fetus was detectable from 28 days of pregnancy. 4. Diagnosis of earl pregnancy of twin was possible from 16 days of pregnancy. These result indicated that ultrasonography is applicable in mares to diagnose the estrual changes of ovaries and the time of ovulation or mating, and to diagnose early pregnancy from 12 days of pregnancy and early pregnancy of twin fetuses.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.173-180
• /
• 1994

Milk progesterone concentrations were measured in 111 dairy cows for confirming the estrus observation and for the early pregnancy diagnosis. Of the 56 cows inseminated, 52 cows(92.8%) were an ovulatory estrus, 2 cows(3.6%) were an unovulatory estrus, and 2 cows(3.6%) were the error of estrus observation, respectively. Milk progesterone concentrations at 21 and 24 days after artificial insemination were significantly higher in 23 pregnant cows compared with those in 5 non-pregnant cows(P<0.05). The accuracy rate for early pregnancy diagnosis in 27 cows achieved when the discriminatory concentration at 21 days after artificial insemination was placed at 2.0 ng/ml skim milk, was 91.3% for positive diagnosis and 100% for negative diagnosis, respectively. These results indicated that milk progesterone determination at 0, 6 and 21 days after artificial insemination can be utilized for confirming the estrus observation and for early pregnancy diagnosis. In conclusion, milk progesterone determination is useful diagnostic tool for monitoring the reproductive performance.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.128-137
• /
• 1999

Plasma progesterone (P$_4$) concentrations were measured for confirming the estrus observation and for the early pregnancy diagnosis in 130 cows of small farmers. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed from day 30 after artificial insemination to establish the characteristic ultrasonographic appearances of gestational structures in each pregnant stages. Of the 130 cows inseminated, 111 cows (85.4%) were an ovulatory estrus, 12 cows (9.2%) were an unovulatory estrus, and 7 cows (5.4%) were the error of estrus detection, respectively. The accuracy for early pregnancy diagnosis in 111 ovulatory estrus cows achieved when the discriminatory concentration at day 21 after artificial insemination was placed at 3.0 ng-/ml in plasma, was 86.7 % for positive diagnosis and 100% for negative diagnosis, respectively. Pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography were performed to evaluate gestational structures from day 30 after artificial insemination in 83 cows. Pregnant cows were 72 of 83 cows. The characteristic ultrasonography of gestational structures in each gestational stages was as follows. The embryo proper was observed within anechoic fetal fluid between 28 and 40 days after insemination, and amnion and embryonic heartbeat was also detected in this period. Between days 41 and 50, embryo proper was detected as an discriminated from head and body, and forelimb buds and hindlimb buds were also observed in this period. Between days 51 and 60, an embryo proper was clearly discriminated from head and body, and fetal movement, forelimb buds and hindlimb buds were observed in this period. Between days 61 and 70, fetus was completely developed, and fetal skeleton, organs and cotyledon were observed. After day 71, each organs of fetus were rapidly developed and a fetus was partially observed in screen because fetus was too big and larger, These results indicate that plasma P$_4$ determination at days 0,6 and 21 after artificial insemination can be utilized for confirming the estrus observation and for early pregnancy diagnosis. Also, ultrasonography was reliable method for early pregnancy diagnosis at day 30 after artificial insemination.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.209-212
• /
• 2007

This study was performed to establish the early pregnancy diagnosis with evaluation of size of embryonic vesicles and change of crown-rump length (CRL) by transrectal ultrasonography in the Korean black goats. Early pregnancy diagnosis was performed in the 114 goats from 19 to 35 days after coitus by transrectal 5.0 MHz transducer. Embryonic vesicles and CRL in the 142 goats from 19 to 42 days was measured to establish the correlation between gestational age and these parameters. The early pregnancy diagnosis achieved 80% accuracy after days 25 and 100% accuracy after days 28 after breeding. Diameters of embryonic vesicle and CRL were significantly increased with the gestational age. In these facts, early pregnancy diagnosis is possible on Days 25 after breeding and measurement of embryonic vesicles and CRL were useful to predict the gestational age in Korean black goat.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 1996

Plasma progesterone concentrations were measured by using radjoimmunoassay for early diagnosis of pregnancy in Cheju-native mares. A total of 226 pony mares were examined for pregnancy during breeding and non breeding seasons. Plasma progesterone levels 20~23 days after the onset of oestrus were 4.67+O.67ng /rnl and O.55+O.O4ng /ml for mares becornrning pregnant and not pregnant after the estrus, respectively, and there was a significant differences (p<0.01) between the two groups. Progesterone concentration of pregnant mares gradually increased in 30 days andreached a peak (10.3ng /ml) during the third month of gestation. However, the concentration decresed to the base line (1.llng /rnl) at 7 months and gradually increased again as foaling approached (2.lng /ml). Early diagnosis for pregnancy of Cheju mares by progesterone level at 20~23 days after onset of oestrus was 88% accurate when 4.6ng /ml was used to classify mares as pregnancy and below 1.3ng /rnl was used to determine nonpregnant mares. However, the accuracy of the diagnosis was improved to 96% when a progesterone level of above 2ng /mi was used to classify mares for pregnancy. Diagnosis for pregnancy was 69.6% accurate when mares were classified as pregnancy by horse owners during breeding season. The progesterone levels of pregnant and non-pregnant mares during non-breeding season varied greatly between individual animals, Plasma progesterone levels of pregnant animals ranged from 3.5ng /mi to above 6.2ng /mi whereas similar values were observed in non-pregnant animals. Radioirnrnunoassay technicjues can be applied for the early pregnant diagnosis of Cheju native mares when progesterone levels are measured during the early gestation period (18~23 days after onset of oestrus). However, progesterone concentration of mares in non-breeding season is conisidered unsuitable as a indicator of pregnant diagnosis.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
• /
• 2002.06a
• /
• pp.81-81
• /
• 2002

The deer was inseminated at the breeding season, which only shows appearance of the estrus cycles. Early diagnosis of pregnancy is very useful to select non-pregnant does and also very important to decide re-inseminations or mating for producing of calves. Therefore, for the development of techniques on the early diagnosis of pregnancy of deer, the results of this study were summarized as following. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 1997

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of genital disease and early pregnancy diagnosis was performed in Korean native cattle. The size of ovarian follicle in preovulation, luteal stage and follicular cyst was 18.9, 9.2 and 27.6 mm, respectively, and the thickness of follicular wall was 2.3, 1.8 and 2.8 mm, respectively. The size of corpus luteums in formation stage, activity stage, regression stage, cystic corpora lutea and luteal cyst was 6.2, 11.3, 8.6, 26.7 and 25.9 mm, respectively. The thickness of luteal wall in cystic corpora lutea and luteal cyst was 8.4 and 4.9 mm, respectively. The size of embryo or fetus on day 25, 27, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 was 0.8, 0.9, 1.3, 1.5, 2.2, 2.8 and 3.8 cm, respectively. The size of amniotic vesicle on day 25, 27 and 30 was 1.2, 2.1 and 3,0 cm, respectively. The diameter of pregnant uterus on day 25 and 27 was 7.0 and 7.8 cm, respectively. It was concluded that the ultrasonographci values determined in this study can be used as references for the treatment of genital disease and early pregnancy diagnosis in Korean native cattle.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.259-265
• /
• 1992

A study was conducted to improve the reproductive performance of Korean native goats. The length of estrous cycle and plasma progesterone concentrations during each cycles were determined by both radioimmunoassay and estrus behaviours, and the results were used in the early pregnancy diagnosis. The estrous cycles were classified into the short(l8 days or shorter, average 16.7 days), normal(19 to 22 days, average 20.9 days) and long(23 days and longer, average 23.8 days)cycle. The average length of the 19 estrous cycles was 20.8 days. Plasma progesterone concentrations in 12 normal cycles were the lowest(0.10 ng/ml) at estrus, remained high from 6 to 16 days(range : 4.43~7.93 ng/ml) and drastically decreased thereafter to reach minimal concentrations at the next estrus. Plasma progesterone concentrations were measured for early pregnancy diagnosis at 0, 10 and 20 days after mating in the 12 Korean native goats. Plasma progesterone concentrations in the pregnant goats at 20 days after mating were significantly higher than in the non-pregnant goats(p<0.001). Of the 12 goats, 10 were confirmed pregnancy by both progesterone concentrations and kidding. The accuracy of the pregnancy diagnosis based on plasma progesterone concentrations was 100% for positive as well as for negative.