• Applied Microscopy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.15-29
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• 1992

The gallbladder is known to have the function of the storage and the concentration of the bile produced by the liver. This function is carried out by the removal of water and inorganic electrolytes. Extrahepatic cholestasis or the impairment of excretion of the bile leads to the distension and loss of the function of the gallbladder. The purpose of this study was to examine the ultrastructural characteristics of the normal gallbladder epithelial cells, and their structural changes induced by the ligation of common bile duct of the rabbit. Common bile duct ligation was performed under ether anesthesia. The rabbits were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th day, respectively after operations. The tissue blocks of the gallbladder were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde prior to fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide, and embedded in the araldite mixture, and observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. The normal gallbladder epithelium of adult rabbit demonstrated two cell types, the ordinary epthelial cell and the dark cell. The dark cells have electron dense cytoplasm, and were found much infrequently, whereas ordinary epthelial cells were found quite numerous. 2. The ordinary epthelial cells of normal gallbladder were provided with the regular microvilli at the free surface and the images of pinocytotic activities in the apical cytoplasm, and exhibit highly convoluted lateral surfaces with elaborated microfolds. These figures of the cells suggest that they are resorptive in functional activity. 3. In the early stages (1st, 3rd, 5th day groups) following the ligation, the apical cytoplasm of some cells is protruding from the free surface and lost their microvilli. Numerous mucous granules filled in the apical and supranuclear cytoplasm compactly. 4. In the late stages (7th, 14th day groups) following the ligation, many light cells containing mumerous mucous granules are seen, between the ordinary epthelial cells. Mucous granules are fused each other, and are discharged into the lumen from the apical cytoplasm. The lateral membranes are straight or undulating without any interdigitations. From the above results, it was concluded that in the cholestasis induced by the common bile duct ligation, there is a tendency for the mucosal epithelium of the rabbit gallbladder to have secretory rather than an absorptive function.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 1993

Nitrogenous and non structural carbohydrate compounds in the remaining tissues of 10 weeks old alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in hydroponic culture, were analysed during 24 days of regrowth following shoot removal. The dry weights of the remaining organs were not significantly changed for 10 days following shoot removal. Compared with uncut plants, defoliation drastically depressed root growth, in particular that of taproot. During 6 days of regrowth, nitrogen contents in all remaning organs significantly decreased. Nitrogen loss in this period was pronounced in root system. Nitrogen contents in each organ after 24 days of regrowth in defoliated plant were recovered completely or exceeded initial level. Amino acid-N was the most readily available form of nitrogen while protein-N was the largest storage pool. The tap root contained about 51.0% and 33.4%, respectively, of the total starch and total ethanol-soluble sugar contents. The starch content of tap roots initially exceeded 40.7 mg. plant$^{-1}$ (day 0), and then declined to the minimum level on day 14. This result clearly showed that the tap root is the major storage site for metabolizable nitrogen (protein-N and amino acid-N) and carbohydrate(starch), and that the degradation of these researves occur much actively in the early period of regrowth.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.481-490
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• 2000

Modified atmosphere packaging was applied to oriental melon(Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa Mak.) to extend its freshness during distribution. Gas composition and ethylene content in the film bags changed rapidly at the early stage of storage. Within 10 days, weight loss of the unpackaged increased upto 7.68% while those of the packaged remained less than 1.0% except LDPE film modified by addition of 5%(w/w) zeolite with $20\;{\mu}m$ thickness(20CK, 2.38%). Firmness was effectively maintained in the LDPE film modified by addition of 5%(w/w) zeolite with $40\;{\mu}m$ thickness(40CK) and the LDPE film with $40\;{\mu}m$ thickness containing ethylene absorber sachet(40LP). Peel color of the fruit changed rapidly in control and a little in 40CK. Oriental melon packages using 40CK provided better visual and sensory quality retention compared with others. Results suggested that packaging treatment such as 40CK could be used for extending freshness of oriental melon during transport period at ambient temperature.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 1977

Recently, culture of Undaria pinnatifida, one of the representative esculent sea weed, has been prevailing in tile east and south coasta of Korea and reached the mass culture stage. In this study, compositional quality factors for food were studied and the contributory effects of blanching and pigment fixatives in the quality retention of cultured Undaria pinnatifida are discussed. When the place and time of harvesting were the same, cultured pinnatifida showed scarce difference in the chemical composition comparing to tile naturally grown Undaria pinnatifida, but cultured Undaria pinnatifida shelved a considerable difference depending upon the cultured places. In the chemical composition of Undaria pinnatifida, the alginic acid comprising about $40\%$ of the whole solid materials seemed to be responsible for the compositional puality. The chlorophyll and carotenoid content of the clutured Unaria pinnatifida were considerably lower than that of the naturally grown Undaria pinnatifida and wass inferior in puality by color to the naturally grown one. Dried Undaria pinnatifida contained a considerable amount of amino-N, mannitol, and soluble minerals and it is considered that these components play a great role in the relish effects. It could also be evaluated as a good albuminous source for food science the dried pinnatifida contains about $18\%$ of crude protein. In the analysis of free amino acid composition of dried Undaria pinnatifida, the naturally growm samples showed so what higher levels in all amino acid content than the cultured samples. The contents of theronine, alanine, and glutamic acid were major in quantity wherease histidine cysteine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were minor. The contents of such amino acids like serine and proline were particularly low or undetectable. The results of amino acid analysis of the acid hydrolysates of dried Undaria pinnatifida in quantity of individual amino acid showed te same pattern as that of free amino acid. It is noticed that Undaria pinnatifida seemed to contain good quality protein since the contents of essential amino acids were considerably higher and uniform. By blanching the fresh sample, the water soluble components brought about cousiderable loss, and, particularly, it was noteworthy that both mannitol and soluble minerals apparently decreased. In the pigment analysis of the dried sample, blanching was effective to retain chlorophyll and carotenoid. The addition of pigment fixatives in blanching solution such as Ca-gluconate, Ca-carbonate, and Ca-hydroxide did not exhibit much effect on the pigment retention except that Ca-carbonate shelved some effect only in the early stage of storage.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2006

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer among men in the developed world affecting the tongue, pharynx, larynx and oral cavity. HNSCC is thought to represent a multistep process whereby carcinogen exposure leads to genetic instability in the tissue and accumulation of specific genetic events, which result in dysregulation of proliferation, differentiation, and cell loss and the acquisition of invasive capacity. Despite therapeutic and diagnostic progress in oncology during the past decades, the prognosis of HNSCC remains poor. Thus it seems that finding a biological tumor markers which will increase the early diagnosis and treatment monitoring rates, is of paramount importance in respect to improving prognosis. In an effort to identify gene expression signatures that may serve as biomarkers, this study several genes were selected, such as H3,3A, S100A7, UCHL1, GSTP1, PAI-2, PLK, TGF${\beta}$1 and bFGF, and used 7 HNSCC cell lines that were established various anatomical sites, and also 17 other cancer cell lines were used for control group using real-time quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemical analysis with a monoclonal antibody. In this study, S100A7 showed a clearly restricted occurrence in tongue originated cell line, and GSTP1 expression level in the pharynx originated cell line was very increased, relative to corresponding other cell lines. These results suggest that S100A7 and GSTP1 genes' expression can occur during tongue and pharynx originated head and neck tumorigenesis and that genetic change is an important driving force in the carcinogenesis process. This data indicate that S100A7 and GSTP1 expression pattern in HNSCC reflect both diagnostic clue and biological marker. And this is provides a foundation for the development of site-specific diagnostic strategies and treatments for HNSCC.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.99-105
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• 2007

In clinical practice, air bubbles trapped in the pit and fissure may increase early loss of sealing materials for fracture, wear and microleakage. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the bubble behavior of pit and fissure sealant. The 140 replicas made of epoxy resin were used to this experiment. Following conditioning, light-polymerized sealants were applied and then exposed to the light source. After stereoscopic examination of standarized specimen by grinding, bubble behavior was analysed. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Ultraseal $XT^{(R)}$ plus grops irrespective of using time were higher than groups of $Helioseal^{(R)}$ with clinpro tip and metal tip in the frequency of bubble(p<0.05), 2. Ultraseal $XT^{(R)}$ plus old group was more than $Clinpro^{(R)}$, Teethmate $F-l^{(R)}$ and $Helioseal^{(R)}$ with brush tip in the number of bubble under 200 magnified cross section(p<0.05). 3. The widest mean area of bubble was shown in the Teethmate $F-1^{(R)}$. 4. No statistically significant difference of the frequency and the site of bubble between $Clinpro^{(R)}$ and $Helioseal^{(R)}$ groups(p>0.05).

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.272-279
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• 2013

The concept of implant stability was basically originated from the relative condition of bone-implant interface and has some meanings for evaluation of that interface. In addtion, it has been used for the investigation of initial bone healing process after fixture installation because a degree of micromotion around interface can affect unfavorable clinical results. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mode of initial bone healing from fixture installation through prospective trial. Thirty fixtures were consecutively installed in mandibles of 26 patients with single tooth loss area and then healing abutment were secured for one-stage surgery meothod. Resonance frequency analysis was performed with one week interval during 12 weeks and periapical radiographs were taken at each month. Although marginal bone level change was not shown through observation period (P>0.05), statistical difference of implant stability was shown through 4 and 6 week (P<0.05) and was not shown after 6 week (P>0.05) according to the bone quality. Initial bone healing process is a successive process of bone resorption and favorable bone healing result might be postulated at 4 week interval after installation through RFA.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.112-121
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• 2015

In this study, Copper Azole (CuAz), a domestically available wood preservative for pressure treatment, was employed to perform an experimental research on its infiltration and decay properties in Japanese Red Pine. Test specimens were pressure-injected with CuAz-2 preservative to measure its preservative effectiveness, and then its impact on weight and mass losses. Furthermore, wood specimens were treated with CuAz-2 preservatives of various concentration levels before they were decayed with brown-rot-fungi in order to observe decay properties on light microscope (LM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). As a result, untreated specimen by Fomitopsis palustris showed the mass loss of more than 40%, and the value of preservative effectiveness of CuAz-2 by indoor decay was $1,73-3.32kg/m^3$. The concentration levels of CuAz-2 preservative were shown to cause significant variations in terms of decay progresses in the cross section, radial section, and tangential section. By contrast, untreated specimens had underwent serious decays in early wood, late wood, longitudinal resin canals, and ray, which led to vertical destruction of wood texture. As for the radial section, ray tracheid, ray parenchyma cell, and window like pits were decayed and destroyed. In the case of tangential section, uniseriate rays and vertical resin canals were seriously decayed. In conclusion, this study indicates that the adequacy of the current CuAz injection amount should be reviewed in the domestic environment because there are significantly different decays at different decay conditions.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.59-65
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• 2014

Purpose - The competitiveness of logistics in the 21st century rests on ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of its local hub. While considering entry into a niche market in local logistics, it is pertinent to note that Budapest is emerging as a hub in EU enlargement in Eastern Europe. Big, small, and medium-sized businesses in Korea entered Hungary in the early 1990s since then, there has been a significant increase in Korean presence, of approximately 130 times. This study aimed to identify the key distribution issues that have emerged in relation to Eastern Europe. Research design, data, and methodology - This study indicates that 33 major Korean companies were located in Hungary, which serves as an out post to enter the European marketplace. However, Korea's exports to Hungary have declined (-32.0% in 2012) because of a loss of competitiveness against multinational corporations, due to factors such as the rise in current local distribution costs and wages. Hungary, on the other hand, through diversification and expansion of foreign trade with the non-EU markets, including Korea, is increasing its exports. Strategies of emerging countries are compared and reviewed in this study, by examining the vicissitudes of Hungary's distribution methods. Results - There are issues regarding Hungary's innovative ability. Hungary has a history of low wages and high skilled labor. However, the outflow of high-quality human resources for high-wages has become more extensive, and this underlines concerns that the CEE's trade hub is moving to neighboring countries. After the European financial crisis in 2010, the Hungarian economy is now developing, because of the IMF's measures, and it is being transformed into a trade surplus nation, while regaining distribution volumes rapidly. However, if there is continued lack of investment, the supply chain is weakened and exports decline amidst competition with TNCs or with China's distribution networks. Conclusions - It is necessary to create a new logistics approach for increasing trade between Korea and Hungary. First, Korean small and medium enterprises (SMEs) should build trust by working with advanced Hungarian talent, and they should expand into state-of-the-art fields instead of being confined to traditional sectors. Second, this study focuses on limiting and lowering their high expectations for success according to foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and the role in the CEE distribution hub Korea should try to strengthen the distribution hub with its centralized population, using better, more highly educated human resources, thereby sustaining more innovative ability. Further, the positive effects of these measures are manifested in enhanced business on both sides of Hungary, namely, the EU and non-EU nations such as Turkey and emerging markets around Europe, and a better engagement in the core placement of culture and industry. For this, Korea can contribute to, and benefit from, a Hungarian logistics center, for adopting the high-tech cluster systems and commercializing distribution technology such as RFID·USN.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1977

The sample persimmons were obtained from the of Yung-am Kun, Korea on October 24, and November 9, 1973. These persimmons were kept at room temperature overnight, then packed and stored on the following day at $0^{\circ}C$ and $85{\sim}100%$ humidity. Seven experimental items were studied : 1. control, 2. packing with excelsior in wooden boxes, 3. packing with rice hull in wooden boxes, 4. packing in bags of 0.03 mm polyethylene membrane, 5. packing in bags of 0.06 mm polyethylene membrane, 6. packing in bags of 0.08 mm polyethylene membrane, 7. packing in sealed desiccators. The dimension of polyethylene bags were $14{\times}28cm$ and three persimmons were packing in each bag. The results are as follows: 1. The persimmons both in polyethylene bags and in desiccators lost only 1 % or less of weight, while in control (1) packing with excelsior (2) or with rice hull (3) the loss was 6-7 % in weight after $2{\sim}3$ months. The persimmons became visibly shriveled and spongy-like in it's texture when it lost 5 % of weight. 2. Carbon dioxide content within the polyethylene bags and desiccators rapidly increased during the early storage period, and reached 5 % (in 0.03 mm polyethylene bags) to 50 % or more (in desiccator) after 1 month. In the polyethylene bags of 0.08 mm and desiccator, the carbon dioxide accumulated to a dangerous level and the persimmon showed physiological damage in a longer storage period. 3. The advance of after-ripening and deterioration of persimmon sealed in the polyethylene bags was slower than that in open bags when moved out to room temperature from the chilling and the polyethylene bags of 0.06 mm retarded the after-ripening most effectively. 4. On the basis of these results, a temperature of $0^{\circ}C$, relative humidity of almost $85{\sim}100%$ and combinations of 5 % oxygen and $5{\sim}8%$ carbon dioxide seem to be the optimum condition for the storage of persimmon (Teabong-Si). The most successful method of storing was to pack them in polyethylene bags of 0.06 mm and then to store them at $0^{\circ}C$.