• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.264-268
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• 2011

'Duo', a late-flowering white gladiolus with pink core, was released by the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science (NIHHS) in 2000. The selection was derived from the cross between the progenies of the early flowering dark pink 'True Love' and bright pink domestic cultivars 'Madame Valdiek'. The breeding was conducted in 1996 and selected finally in 2000 after four years (1997 to 2000) of experimentation. 'Duo' is a cut flower with bright white color petals and Pink core which exhibited late flowering and vigor without stem bending. It can be cultivated in areas or regions with strong winds during summer. 'Duo' has a very firm growth form and sturdy branches which do not bend when planted in the open fields. Likewise, the plant showed high tolerance to flooding and resistance, hence, could grow vigorously in open areas. It is a fast- growing plant which exhibits high corm production rate. 'Duo' had a 12.2 cm wide flower and 150 cm plant height. During summer, the average number of days to flowering was recorded at 75 days of 'Duo'. Top dressing must be conducted once or twice during corm production to enhance corm quality and quantity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 1980

Soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids in the terminal buds of Pinus elliottii were analyzed to understand the nutritional status of the buds during the period of female strobilus initiation. Grafted, 18-year-old slash pine trees in a seed orchard were divided into two groups, abundant-flowering (AFG) and poor-flowering group (PFG) according to their flowering history. Four types of terminal buds, with two types from each group, were examined: (1) large buds in upper crown (female-producing buds) and small buds in lower crown (male-producing) in AFG, (2) large buds in upper crown (vegetative buds) and small buds in lower crown (male-producing) in PFG. Bud samples were collected four times from late July to early September. Free sugars and free amino acids (75% ethanol-soluble) were determined by gas chromatography and automatic analysis, respectively. Sugar content in the large buds of both groups was greater than in the small buds of the same group. Fructose and glucose were major sugars found in the bud tissue. Arginine was the most abundant amino acid in all four types of buds, with the concentration increased from 23% in late July to 60% in early September. Arginine and total amino acid content in the female-producing buds of AFG was much lower than three other types of buds. When female-producing buds and male-producing buds of AFG were compared in their arginine content, the former contained about same amount as the latter in late July, but showed one-fourth of the latter in early September. The low level of argining in the female-producing buds suggested a minimal or negative role of arginine in the initiation of female flower primordia. A higher sugar to amino acid ratio was observed with female-producing buds of AFG than with vegetative or male-producing buds of either flowering group. The low amino acid content in the female­producing buds suggested that initiation of female strobilus primordia was associated with temporary reduction in the metabolic activity of the buds.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2019

Recycling of drained nutrient solution in hydroponic cultivation of horticultural crops is important in the conservation of the water resources, reduction of production costs and prevention of environmental contamination. Objective of this research was to obtain the fundamental data for the development of a recirculation system of hydroponic solution in semi-forcing cultivation of 'Bonus' tomato. To achieve the objective, tomato plants were cultivated for 110 days and the contents of inorganic elements in plant, supplied and drained nutrient solution were analyzed when crop growth were in the flowering stage of 2nd to 8th fruiting nodes. The T-N content of the plants based on above-ground tissue were 4.1% at the flowering stage of 2nd fruiting nodes (just after transplanting), and gradually get lowered to 3.9% at the flowering stage of 8th fruiting nodes. The tissue P contents were also high in very early stage of growth and development and were maintained to similar contents in the flowering stage of 3rd to 7th fruiting nodes, but were lowed in 8th node stages. The tissue Ca, Mg and Na contents in early growth stages were lower than late growth stages and the contents showed tendencies to rise as plants grew. The concentration differences of supplied nutrient solution and drained solution in $NO_3-N$, P, K, Ca, and Mg were not significant until 5 weeks after transplanting, but the concentration of those elements in drained solution rose gradually and maintained higher than those in supplied solution. The concentrations of B, Fe, and Na in drained solution were slightly higher in the early stages of growth and development and were significantly higher in the mid to late stages of growth than those in supplied solution. The above results would be used as a fundamental data for the correction in the inorganic element concentrations of drained solution for semi-forcing hydroponic cultivation of tomato.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.157-168
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• 2001

Herbicides have been used to control weeds for decades. If detoxification upon exposure to herbicides requires considerable amounts of energy, it could affect the pattern of resource allocation to growth and reproduction of crops. We examined the effects of three levels of a herbicide (Control, Low, and High) on germination, growth and reproductive characters of Glycine max treated twice, i.e., before and after seed germination. Since flowering time of G. max was separated into two groups, flowering time was also considered as a variable in this study. The rate of seed germination tended to be higher at the low level of herbicide compared to other levels. Chlorosis and shape variation of leaves were apparent after the second herbicide treatment, but completely disappeared after six weeks of treatment. The herbicide effects on growth characters were somewhat different between early and late flowering plants, but plants treated with both low and high levels of herbicide reduced their growth compared to those in the control group regardless of flowering time. Plants at the high level of herbicide exhibited the highest growth rate later in the season, suggesting that plants compensated to some extent for reduced growth. However, growth reduction among plants at the high level of herbicide was persistent until the end of growing season. Among plants flowered late in the season, plants in the control level bore a higher number of nodules per plant than those in other levels; such a pattern did not exist among plants flowered early in the season. Plants treated with low and high levels of herbicide produced a lower number of flowers than those in the control. Thus, the herbicide examined affected not only the growth and reproductive characters of non-target crops but also the development and growth of root nodules.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to evaluated the effect of maturity at harvest on the changes in quality of round baled rye silage at forage experimental field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1998. The experimental design was a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were three different harvest stages : boot, heading and flowering stages, and the subplots were days after ensiling : 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 30, 45, and 60 days. The wilting period of boot, heading and flowering stages were 1, 0.5 and 0.5 days, respectively. The final pH of rye silage was higher in the order of flowering, boot and heading stages. And pH of flowering stage began to change at early fermentation period, but that of boot and heading stages was delayed 1~2 days. Ammonia-N content of boot stage was highest. and that was increased as fermentation progressed. But Ammonia-N of heading stage was decreased to 30 days. then that was increased after 45 days fermentation. Among fermentation periods, inside temperature of deep place was not affected by external temperature. And that of deep place was increased to 3$0^{\circ}C$ at early fermentation. then decreased as fermentation progressed. However surface temperature was affected by external temperature after 10 days. Acetic acid content was not changed with 5 days by harvest stages, but that of boot stage was increased after 10 days. Butyric acid of boot stage was increased after 5 days. but that of heading stage was increased after 10 days. However lactic acid was increased from 1~2% to 6~8%. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of heading and flowering stages were highest at 5 days fermentation, and that of boot stage was highest at 10 days fermentation. The results of this study indicate that fermentation of round baled rye silage occur within 5 days. Therefore, any modification should be applied with an 5 days for high quality of round baled rye silage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.304-312
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• 2023

Plant breeding is a time-consuming process, mainly due to the limited annual generational advancement. A speed breeding system, using LED light sources, has been applied to accelerate generational progression in various crops. However, detailed protocols applicable to soybeans are still insufficient. In this study, we report the optimized protocols for a speed breeding system comprising 12 soybean varieties with various maturity ecotypes. We investigated the effects of two light qualities (RGB ratio), three levels of light intensity (PPFD), and two soil conditions on the flowering time and development of soybeans. Our results showed that an increase in the red wavelength of the light spectrum led to a delay in flowering time. Furthermore, as light intensity increased, flowering time, average internode length, and plant height decreased, while the number of nodes, branches, and pods increased. When compared to agronomic soil, horticultural soil resulted in an increase of more than 50% in the number of nodes, branches, and pods. Consequently, the optimal conditions were determined as follows: a 10-hour short-day photoperiod, an equal RGB ratio (1:1:1), light intensity exceeding 1,300 PPFD, and the use of horticultural soil. Under these conditions, the average flowering time was found to be 27.3±2.48 days, with an average seed yield of 7.9±2.67. Thus, the speed breeding systems reduced the flowering time by more than 40 days, compared to the average flowering time of Korean soybean resources (approximately 70 days). By using a controlled growth chamber that is unaffected by external environmental conditions, up to 6 generations can be achieved per year. The use of LED illumination and streamlined facilities further contributes to cost savings. This study highlights the substantial potential of integrating modern crop breeding techniques, such as digital breeding and genetic editing, with generational shortening systems to accelerate crop improvement.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.7 no.2_3
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• pp.101-108
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• 2013

To develop new varieties of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), the seeds of three varieties, 'Naehan', 'Tammi', and 'Halla' were irradiated with proton ion beams and gamma rays with 0 to 2,000 Gy. We had selected 9 lines in $M_5$ generation, and their useful characteristics were investigated by progressing from $M_6$ to $M_7$ generation for checking uniformity and stability. The 9 lines selected in $M_5$ generation were maintained their characteristics in terms of flowering date, maturing date, and plant height through $M_6$ to $M_7$ generations. Especially, 2 lines of NP600-1-1-198-2-1 and NP1000-13-2-362-4-1 selected in $M_5$ generation derived from 'Naehan' had characteristics of early maturity and shorter stem than original variety, and they also were maintained characteristic of early maturity such as 10~11 days earlier flowering date and 6~9 days earlier maturing date through $M_6$ to $M_7$ generations. For stem length, they showed characteristics of shorter stem in 2 lines of NP600-1-1-198-2-1 line and NP1000-13-2-362-4-1 line about 16%, 25% shorter stem than original variety respectively through $M_6$ to $M_7$ generations. Furthermore, some characteristics of 2 lines compared to the original variety were similar or higher in weight of 1,000 seeds, number of branches per plant, number of siliqua per panicle, number of seeds per silique, oil contents, and oleic acid contents. The line with large and plump flowers selected in $M_5$ generation also showed large and dark yellow flowers through $M_6$ to $M_7$ generations. The lines with High oleic acid and low saturated fatty acid contents selected in $M_5$ generation were maintained characteristics through $M_6$ to $M_7$ generation and these useful characteristics were expected for developing a new variety for bio diesel uses.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.123-133
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• 1992

This study was conducted to clarify progressed changes of plant types and the effects of the physiological and ecological components on improving ideotype of winter wheat. 12 wheat varieties were planted at the experimental farm of Wheat and Barley Research Institute in Suwon in 1990. As results of intensive wheat breeding for early maturity since 1959, heading, flowering and maturing dates have been shortened by 17, 15 and 14 dagys, respectively. The shortened days from sowing to heading and from heading to flowering contributed to the early maturity to improved. Physiological factors associated with heading time of wheat could be reprsented by growth habit, photoperiod responses, earliness in narrow sense and winter hardiness. For improving an early maturity of winter wheat, it would desired to maintain some degree of winter habit(III-IV), and recombination of more insensitivity to short day length and more shortened earliness in narrow sense than that of Saemil and Chugoku 81, and higher degree of winter hardiness. For improving the early maturity the more effective way must be of shortened days from sowing to heading, and days from flowering to maturity than days from heading to flowering. Ideotype of wheat will be desired to recombine two semi-dwarf genes with erect plant type being about 70-80cm, less stem elongation by late spring, long spike and many grains per spikelet. Average spike weight ratio was about 45-49% in high-yielding varieties, stem fresh weight was lighter, but spike fresh weight was heavier in new one while leaf fresh weight was similar to each other during the maturing periods. Average spike dry weight ratio was higher about 40～48%, and stem and leaf blade dry weights were lower in the newly bred varieties. Stem dry weight was heavier than spike or leaf dry weight in the old varieties of Yungkwang, Jangwang and Jinkwang. Leaf area index for the varieties showed normal distribution curve as the maximum point in booting stage. The maximum point of this curve come in early maturing wheat, and late in old one. The maximum points of LAI were 6.4～6.8 in the high-yielding varieties. Totals of LAI in each period investigated of old one were higher than those of newly bred being 24.6～28.8. Chlorophyll content of the high-yielding varieties of Chokwang, Geurumil and Saemil as higher than that of the old varieties Jangkwang, Jinkwang, Wonkwang and Sinkwang from regrowing period to April 21. after then slightly and even after heading. Net assimilation rate (NAR) was higher in high-yielding varieties with good plant type, and lower in old ones. Grain yield of the newly released varieties increased rapidly but slowly in the old ones. Change in water content of grain at the growing stage in newly bred was lower than that of the old bred. Diminishing rate of water content of grain in establishment per day was 1.2% average that of the old varieties including Yungkwang was 1.5%, and those of the newly bred including Chokwang were 0.9～1.1%. Chokwang, Naemil, and Saemil were the highest-yielding varieties of the Korean cultivars. Yields were increased by spikes per m$^2$, grain weight for the varieties bred in Suwon, and by spikes per m$^2$ for the varieties bred in Milyang.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.2 s.159
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• pp.67-72
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• 2005

The objectives of this study were to identify the period of initiation of floral primordia in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and subsequent development of floral buds until following spring. Four mature trees of black locust located in Suwon, Korea were selected. Bud samples were collected from the current-year shoots, starting from mid June to July every week, from August to October and from February to April every month. The buds were fixed in FAA solution, dehydrated, and imbedded in paraffin for microscopic observation. Buds collected on June 16, and 23, 1997, contained primitive primordia that might be interpreted as early floral primordia. By June 30, a bud showed a positive indication of inflorescence primordium with a well-formed shoot apex. All the inflorescence primordia observed throughout the collection periods were always associated with unique hairy appendages around the primordium and enclosed within a sclerenchymatous chamber. By July 7 and 15, a floral apex had early bud scales. By July 22, primitive inflorescence developed into visible arrangement of individual floral primordial By July 29, the inflorescence developed into whirl arrangement of individual floral primordia in a transverse section, but showed little further development until October 15. The inflorescence primordia seemed to over-winter at this stage. Buds collected from February 15 and March 24 the following year also showed no further development of inflorescence primordia. By April 7 the inflorescence started to show further development with elongated axis. At this time individual flowers were easily recognized.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.187-193
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• 1998

Seasonal changes of nitrogen fixation and growth characteristics of Melilotus suaveolens population under different light conditions were quantitatively analyzed during growting period. Height growth of M. suaveolens population was promoted after April and the shade (site 2) showed 10-20% increase of height growth in compared with that of sunny (site 1). Seasonal changes of biomass were in creased after March, the biomass at site 1 attained 78.5% that of site 2 in May. Chlorophyll content was maintained high value from March to April but, Chlorophyll content of leaf at site 1 was decreased 11.7% compared to that of site 2 in May. The nitrogen content of each organ of M. suaveolens showed higher value in March and then decreased, the high nitrogen contents of reproductive organ were achieved at the flowering stage at site 1. The root nodule of M. suaveolens population appeared in March and showed maximum value in early June and decreased remarkably after July, the amount of nodule formation of M. suaveolens at site 2 showed higher than that of site 1. The nitrogen fixation activity of root nodule of M. suaveolens initiated with shoot growth and showed maximum value in mid April, and attained second peak in early June and then decreased after July. The total nitrogen fixation of the plant showed higher value at site 2 than that of site 1. From the overall results, M. suaveolens showed increased growth under half-shady, well ventilated barren soil than fertile sunny site.