• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.590-605
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• 2021

The history of printing technology in Korea is studied by investigating existing ancient documents and records and comparing accumulated data and knowledge. Cultural property research requires non-destructive testing and observation with the naked eye or aided by a microscope. Researchers' experience and knowledge are required even though they cannot guarantee the outcome. For ancient documents and records that are presumed to consist of woodblock printing, wood type printing, metal type printing, or their combinations, each researcher draws various opinions and conclusions. This often causes confusion and divides the opinions of ordinary citizens and field specialists. Among them, the criteria for judging ancient documents or books printed using woodblock and metal movable material are ambiguous. Academic research on the development history of printing technology in ancient Korea has been stagnant, and conflicts among researchers have also erupted. Involvement of national investigative agencies not specialized in cultural properties has exacerbated the situation. In this study, we investigated printing characteristics that are likely to serve as more objective judgment criteria by quantitatively analyzing the experiments of retrieving several sheets of Korean paper (Hanji) using a replicated Hunminjeongeum (訓民正音) woodblock and quantitatively analyzing the images of the printed papers. In addition, the validity and questions for the typical phenomena presented as a method for distinguishing between woodblock and metal print are reviewed. We investigated the possibility of developing new objective judgement criteria through quantitative analysis using image analysis and investigating the printing characteristics of Korean paper through a reproduction experiment of woodblock printing.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.321-327
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• 2013

Purpose: To investigate a correlation between vertical fixation disparity and stereopsis by analyzing distribution of types of vertical fixation disparity. Methods: In this study, RANDOT(R) stereotest partly using random dot was used in stereopsis tests. The vertical fixation disparity in close proximity categorized fixation disparity slope into six types on the basis of the result of measurement in when two thin lines, one for one eye looks, become overlapped as a line by adding into prism with Wesson fixation disparity card while maintaining a distance of 25 cm from patients. Results: In the types of near vertical fixation disparity curve, targeting 43 people, the first type 55.82% was the most distributed, the second type is the least 23.25%, the third type of 4.65%, the fourth type of 4.65%, the fifth type of 6.98%, the sixths types of 4.65% were distributed. The result of a correlation analysis, which shows the degree of linear correlation between two variables, represented that stereopsis is not correlated with Y-intercept (r = -0.07) which show vertical fixation disparity, associated phoria (r = -0.03) and dissociated phoria (r = -0.00), but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Fixation disparity slope of vertical fixation disparity (r = 0.36) was shown to have a positive correlation with stereopsis. It has a low positive correlation and a meaningful statistics (p<0.05). The Y-intercept which indicates vertical fixation disparity was also not associated with stereopsis (r = -0.07) and dissociated phoria (r = -0.03), and this was not statistically significant (p>0.05), while it had a high correlation as well as a statistically significant with associated phoria (r = 0.89). There was a negative correlation between Y-intercept and fixation disparity slope of vertical fixation disparity (r = -0.33). It showed a low relationship but statistically valuable (p>0.05). As a result of regression analysis, the stereopsis was changed as 7.631" if vertical fixation disparity changes 1' and the vertical fixation disparity changed as 0.017' if stereopsis changes 1', and the change was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: The study shows that there is a low correlation between stereopsis and vertical fixation disparity, and it is difficult to determine stereopsis only using vertical fixation disparity. Therefore, it suggests other factors above vertical fixation disparity have greater influence on stereopsis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.169-182
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• 2002

Background: Allergic rhinitis(AR) is a heterogeneous disorder that despite its high prevalence is often undiagnosed. It is characterized by one or more symptoms including sneezing, itching, nasal congestion, and rhinorrhea. And it is frequently accompanied by symptoms involving the eyes, ears, and throat, including postnasal drainage. There are many different causes of rhinitis in children and adults. Approximately 50$\%$ of all cases of rhinitis are caused by allergy. In the case of rhinitis caused by allergens, symptoms arise as a result of inflammation induced by a gamma globulin E-mediated immune response to specific allergens such as pollens, molds, animal dander, and dust mites. The immune response involves the release of inflammatory mediators and the activation and recruitment of cells to the nasal mucosa. AR is similar to 鼻？, hypersensitive rhinitis in Oriental Medicine. I think hypersensitive rhinitis is including of AR, vasomotor rhinitis and non-allergic rhinitis related with eosinophil increased and so on. Purpose: To perform a clinical analysis of hypersensitive rhinitis including allergic rhinitis and estimate the efficacy of Oriental Medical treatment. Objective: We studied 96 patients who had visited our hospital with complaints of nasal symptoms from March 2000 to February 2002; they had the signs more than 2 - nasal obstruction, watery discharge, sneezing and eye or nasal itching. Parameters Observed & Methods: We treated them with acupuncture & herb-medication. Sometime they used aroma oil or external medicine. 1) the distribution of sex & age groups 2) the clinical type based on duration & the severity of symptom 3) the breakdown of complication & pasl history of Otolaryngologic or allergic disease 4) the clinical assessment and classification of rhinitis(sneezers and runners & blockers) 5) the associated symptoms and signs 6) the classification of Byeonjeung 7) the classification of prescriptions and 8) the efficacy of treatment. Result: 1. In the clinical type of based on duration, the intermittent type was 42.7$\%$ and the persistent was 57.3$\%$. 2. We observed the severity of symptoms based on the quality of life. The mild type was 24.0$\%$ and the moderate-severe was 76.0$\%$. 3. In the clinical assessment and classification of rhinitis, the sneezers and runners type was 69.8$\%$ and the blockers was 30.2$\%$. 4. The most common family history with otolaryngologic or allergic disease were allergic rhinitis(17.7$\%$), urticaria, paranasal sinusitis and T.B.(3.1$\%$). 5. The most common past history with otolaryngologic or allergic disease were paranasal sinusitis(14.6$\%$), atopic dermatitis and asthma(8.3$\%$). It was 31.3$\%$ they had a family history and 44.8$\%$, past history. 6. The most common complication was paranasal sinusitis(15.6$\%$). In decreasing order the others were otitis media with effusion(9.4$\%$), GERD and headache(6.3$\%$), asthma, bronchitis, nasal bleeding and allergic dermatitis(5.2$\%$). 7. Classification through Byeonjeung : ⅰ) 39 cases(34.9$\%$) were classified as showing Deficiency syndrome. The insuffficiency of Qi was 17.7$\%$, deficiency of Kidney-Yang, 12.5$\%$ and Lung-Cold, 10.4$\%$. ⅱ) 57 cases(59.4$\%$) were classified as showing Excess syndrome. The Fever of YangMing-meridian was 35.4$\%$, Lung-Fever, 24.0$\%$. 8. The efficacy of treatments showed: an improvement in 22cases(22.9$\%$); an improvement partly in 24 cases(25.0$\%$); no real improvement or changes in 16 cases(16.7$\%$); and couldn't check the results 18cases(18.6$\%$). Conclusion: We suggest that this study could be utilized as a standard of clinical Oriental Medical treatment when we treat hypersensitive rhinitis including allergic rhinitis.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 2014

This study aimed to provide the fundamental data on the field of cosmetics by comparing heavy metal concentration in terms of domestic/foreign products, types and colors. The study determined the concentrations of lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, antimony, nickel, copper and cobalt in cosmetics such as lipstick, lip gloss, lip balm, foundation and eye liner. From the period of January to August, 2013, 121 samples were collected from cosmetic stores distributing to the general market. The average metal concentrations were as follows; $0.663{\mu}g/g$ for lead, $0.010{\mu}g/g$ for cadmium, $0.056{\mu}g/g$ for arsenic, $1.144{\mu}g/g$ for chromium, $0.008{\mu}g/g$ for antimony, $0.405{\mu}g/g$ for nickel, $0.319{\mu}g/g$ for copper and $0.108{\mu}g/g$ for cobalt. Except for chromium, the heavy metal concentrations were significantly higher in foreign products than in domestic products (p < 0.05). Also, The mean concentrations of heavy metal were significantly different (p < 0.05) when classified by cosmetic type. The highest mean concentrations shown in lipstick were $1.430{\mu}g/g$ of chromium, $0.616{\mu}g/g$ of lead and $0.385{\mu}g/g$ of nickel, in foundation $1.155{\mu}g/g$ of lead and $1.023{\mu}g/g$ of chromium. In eye liner, the highest mean concentrations were $1.424{\mu}g/g$ of chromium and $0.830{\mu}g/g$ of nickel. Additionally, The concentrations of heavy metal were significantly different by color (p < 0.05). Brown colored cosmetics were found to have the highest mean concentrations of chromium, nickel and copper, ivory colored cosmetics the highest mean concentrations of chromium and lead, and pink colored cosmetics the highest concentrations of lead and chromium.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.87-99
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• 2016

This study was carried out to characterize 127 recently developed cultivars of Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus spp.) in Korea and foreign Countries for landscape uses. The examined factors were growth characteristics such as tree height of a 1-year grafted plant(cm), plant type, growth habit, leaf characteristics such as shape and size, flower characteristics such as color, shape, size, and red eye during 2014 and 2015 for landscape uses. The results are obtained as follows; Hibiscus hybrid 'Daewangchun', 'Daeil', 'Lohengrin', 'Yeonam', 'Joomong', 'Jina', and H. syriacus 'Honggarosu' had vigorous shoot growth and tall tree size of 100cm. New Hibiscus cultivars, Hibiscus hybrid 'Daewangchun' and 'Daeil', having vigorous growth, uniform plant habit, upright, and compact branches were developed through interspecific crosses between H. syriacus 'Samchully' (♀) and H. sinosyriacus 'Seobong' (♂). This newly developed cultivar 'Daewangchun', 'Daeil', 'Lohengrin', 'Yeonam', 'Joomong', 'Jina', and H. syriacus 'Honggarosu' having tall vigorous growth d unique flower with long red eye can be used as street tree or specimen plant in landscape. Otherwise, H. syriacus 'Tamla', 'Melrose', 'Bidan', 'Hi Lea', 'Byeollee', 'Byunghwa', 'Mibak', 'Hanyang', 'Chungam', 'Lil Kim Violet', 'Jongmoo', 'Eunhasu', Hibiscus hybrid 'Saehanseo', and Hibiscus hybrid 'Yousoon' were selected as small tree of 30~39cm. They had dwarf form in tree seemed to be suitable for pot or flower bed planting on both indoor and outdoor conditions. H. syriacus 'Antong', 'Chungjo', and 'Lil Kim' were less than 30 cm of tree size. H. syriacus 'Antong', 'Chungjo', and 'Lil Kim', characterized by its compact, upright and outwardly spreading plant habit; freely branching habit; dark green-colored leaves; good garden performance. Therefore, the new cultivars with tall and small tree size were a promising cultivar as a ground covers or pot planting as woody landscape plant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1544-1557
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• 2020

Objective: Genomic selection (GS) is becoming popular in animals' genetic development. We, therefore, investigated the single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) as tool for GS, and compared its efficacy with the traditional pedigree BLUP (pedBLUP) method. Methods: A total of 9,952 males born between 1997 and 2018 under Hanwoo proven-bull selection program was studied. We analyzed body weight at 12 months and carcass weight (kg), backfat thickness, eye muscle area, and marbling score traits. About 7,387 bulls were genotyped using Illumina 50K BeadChip Arrays. Multiple-trait animal model analyses were performed using BLUPF90 software programs. Breeding value accuracy was calculated using two methods: i) Pearson's correlation of genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) with EBV of all animals (r_M1) and ii) correlation using inverse of coefficient matrix from the mixed-model equations (r_M2). Then, we compared these accuracies by overall population, info-type (PHEN, phenotyped-only; GEN, genotyped-only; and PH+GEN, phenotyped and genotyped), and bull-types (YBULL, young male calves; CBULL, young candidate bulls; and PBULL, proven bulls). Results: The r_M1 estimates in the study were between 0.90 and 0.96 among five traits. The r_M1 estimates varied slightly by population and info-type, but noticeably by bull-type for traits. Generally average r_M2 estimates were much smaller than r_M1 (pedBLUP, 0.40 to0.44; ssGBLUP, 0.41 to 0.45) at population level. However, r_M2 from both BLUP models varied noticeably across info-types and bull-types. The ssGBLUP estimates of r_M2 in PHEN, GEN, and PH+ GEN ranged between 0.51 and 0.63, 0.66 and 0.70, and 0.68 and 0.73, respectively. In YBULL, CBULL, and PBULL, the r_M2 estimates ranged between 0.54 and 0.57, 0.55 and 0.62, and 0.70 and 0.74, respectively. The pedBLUP based r_M2 estimates were also relatively lower than ssGBLUP estimates. At the population level, we found an increase in accuracy by 2.0% to 4.5% among traits. Traits in PHEN were least influenced by ssGBLUP (0% to 2.0%), whereas the highest positive changes were in GEN (8.1% to 10.7%). PH+GEN also showed 6.5% to 8.5% increase in accuracy by ssGBLUP. However, the highest improvements were found in bull-types (YBULL, 21% to 35.7%; CBULL, 3.3% to 9.3%; PBULL, 2.8% to 6.1%). Conclusion: A noticeable improvement by ssGBLUP was observed in this study. Findings of differential responses to ssGBLUP by various bulls could assist in better selection decision making as well. We, therefore, suggest that ssGBLUP could be used for GS in Hanwoo proven-bull evaluation program.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.769-782
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• 2005

Twenty four Holstein steers fed commercial concentrates with rice straw(T1), mixed grass hay(T2), or wet brewer’s grains based TMR ad libitum(T3) were used to investigate the effects of roughage feeding type during the growing and early-fattening periods on growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics. Growth performance and feed efficiency were investigated during the feeding trial conducted from 6 to 23 mo of age, and carcass characteristics were investigated after slaughter. Body weight at slaughter and daily gains were 751 to 802 kg(mean 782 kg) and 1.064 to 1.159 kg/d(mean 1.122 kg/d), respectively, showing that those for T2 were highest followed by T3. Compared with T1, the daily gain for T2 was improved by 8.9%. The TDN intakes per kg gain were 6.87, 7.17 and 7.15 kg for T1, T3 and T2, respectively, indicating that feed efficiency for T2 was improved(approx. 5%) compared with T1. The feeding treatments did not change dressing percentage(mean 60.8%), back fat thickness(6.68 mm) and rib-eye area(84.0$cm^2$). Neither meat quality characteristics nor physicochemical properties were significantly different among the treatments. However, economic analysis accounting for 882.8, 991.7 and 943.8 thousand won per head for T1, T2 and T3, respectively, indicated that T2 and T3 increased(7-12%) total net income compared with T1. Therefore, it may be concluded that high quality meat of Holstein steers can be produced if they are fattened until 23 mo of age and that feeding mixed grass hay as roughage or TMR containing mainly wet brewer's grains during the growing and early-fattening periods can improve growth performance compared with feeding rice straw.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.989-998
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• 2004

The objectives of this work was to investigate the effects of feeding type of concentrates during growing period and slaughter age on growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics in growing-fattening Holstein steers. Treatments were two concentrates feeding types(ad libitum or restricted 1.9% of BW) and three slaughter ages(at 19, 22 or 25 mo). Body weight at slaughter was numerically higher(approx. 8.3%) for the restricted than the ad libitum feeding groups. TDN intake rate was higher(8.4%) for the restricted than the ad libitum feeding groups. One mo slaughter delay increased TDN intake by 4%. Despite the lack of significances, higher back fat thickness and rib-eye area appeared in the restricted feeding or the late slaughter groups compared with the ad libitum feeding or the early slaughter groups. Marbling score(mean 2.46) numerically increased when the steers were restrictively fed concentrates compared with the ad libitum feeding groups. In addition, significant increases in the marbling score were associated with the slaughter age delay. In economic analysis, increases in total income were associated with the restricted feeding and the slaughter age delay. Whereas the highest monthly income appeared in the restricted feeding-and-slaughter at 22 mo group. In conclusion, the optimal feeding system may be 1) the restricted concentrates feeding(1.9% of BW) during growing period and 2) the late slaughter age(22${\sim}$25 mo of age) in growing-fattening Holstein steers fed rice straw.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.203-216
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• 2003

The process of constructing coastal digital elevation model(DEM), for the 3 dimensional analysis, is composed by abstracting land layers for land elevation and water depth, reprojecting UTM, relocating geographical grid, and interpolating works. The geomorphic set of shallow sea, including tidal current, tidal zone deposition, and water depth distribution, was analyzed by eye search of Landsat TM image, masking of land zone, band combination and regression analysis. Some horizontal differences, between combined DEM and surveyed data of shallow sea, was corrected for analysis. Analyzed geomorphic elements are stream channel, alluvial fan, coastal terrace, tidal current. and shallow sea bank. Results of analysis present that transported fluvial materials influence tidal sedimentation, especially from Gahwacheon river, for the role of artificial draining flooding waters from Jinyang Reservoir, almost in the summer season. In the coastal area with less tidal current, more fine materials are deposited. The influence of currental deposition are higher on small pockets with west coast of well developed terraces. The lower skirt of alluvial fans developed into the tidal zone of shallow sea. Small pocket type bays are closed by coastal current, and less influenced from tidal deposition. The bank of Jinju Bay are developed originally from submerging of remnant erosional mountain ranges, and play on the role of trapping fine materials.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.313-321
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• 2005

To know the pollution level concerning the microbes contamination condition in soft contact lenses, 2 experiments were operated with different methods. Firs experiment, we observed lenses surfaces through a scanning electronic microscope after pollution sort contact lenses with the suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Entrobacter aerogenes which can be major bacteria causing keratitis as wearing on soft contact lenses. As 1 hour after pollution with the soft contact lenses, we observed that many bacteria adhered to the lenses, and the pollution condition got worse with passing time increase(2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours, respectively). At 12 hours lapse of polluting soft contact lenses with P. aeruginosa, some bacteria adhered to the lenses. And as 24 hours lapsed after pollution soft lenses with E. aerogenes, bacteria adhered to them, and atypical substance was observed some of the surface of lenses. Second experiment, we observed the microbe pollution condition in soft contact lenses by let 21 people in twenties(men & women), who doesn't eye disorders, wear soft contact lenses during 4 hours. As the result, many kinds of bacterium and fungus were observed, and especially, the bacteria could be identified with their colors and the shapes of colony, so we found that single type, two types, and three types of bacteria adhered to their lenses.