• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.186-198
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• 2021

The introduction of digital technologies affects most socio-economic processes and activities in the economy, from agriculture to public services. Even though the world is currently only in the early stages of digital transformation, the digital economy is growing rapidly, especially in developing countries. Shortly, digital platforms will be able to replace the "invisible hand" of the market and turn it into digital. Some digital platforms have already reached global reach in some sectors of the economy. The growing value of data and artificial intelligence is reflected in the high capitalization of these enterprises. Their growing role has far-reaching consequences for the organization of economic activity and integration into the field of e-business. However, their importance and level of development in different countries differ significantly. The main purpose of this article is an assessment of the level and trends of the digital economy in the world and the identification of homogeneous groups of states following the main trends in the development of its components from among the EU countries. The methodology of the conducted research is based on the use of general scientific research methods in the analysis of secondary sources and the application of statistical methods of correlation-regression and cluster analysis. Macroeconomic indicators and components of DESI (Digital Economy and Society Index) were used for the analysis. Results. Based on the analysis established that most developed countries have a medium level of digitalization of the business environment and a high level of digitalization of socially oriented public services, while countries with lower GDP focus their policies on building digital infrastructure and training qualified personnel. The study summarizes and analyzes current trends in digital technology, analyzes the level and dynamics of integration of digital technologies of the studied EU countries, the level of development of e-business and e-commerce. The conceptualization of mechanisms of creation of added value in the digital economy is offered and the possible consequences of digitalization of the economy of developing countries are generalized.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.135-136
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• 2008

EU-Reach Regulation 대비 유해물질 대체약품 개발 프로그램인 SVHC(Substance of very high concern)로부터 환경친화적인 방염제의 스크리닝으로 LOI 30이상의 Halogen-free 유기계 Organo-Phosphonate 화합물들이 유력한 후보로 선별되었으며 여기에 반응형 저에너지 타입 아(메타)크릴계 광기능성기를 도입하여 에너지 절감형이면서 친환경적인 가공약제를 개발 하였다. 먼저 열경화형 타입중에서도 면섬유에 취급이 용이한 DMP(dimethylphosphite)를 출발물질로한 N-Methylol type의 열경화형 인/질소 타입 알코올 함유 면섬유용 방염제를 제조한후 -OH기에 광반응형 아크릴 기능성기를 도입하여 개시제와 함께 광경화 방염가공 후 물성에 관한 특성를 관찰 하였다.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.53-77
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• 2000

This paper aims to point out the problems and solutions of soil fertility enhancement in Korean organic farming which does not harmonize with internationally recognized standard of organic agriculture such as Basic Standard of IFOAM, EU regulations, and guidelines of FAO/WHO codex alimentarius. The necessity of rotation, legume, green manure to enhance the soil fertility or organic farming system was discussed, and the reasons why salt accumulation including nitrate and phosphate in the rooted soil profiles was frequently occurred in Korean organic farmer's field also discussed. Soil testing for correct handling of organic fertilization was introduced to void the salt accumulation just applying the huge amount of organic fertilizer year to year to reach a maximum crop yield. In the conclusion it was suggested for Korean organic agriculture to make an effort to coincide it's regulation with internationally recognized standards for organic farming.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.11-19
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• 2022

Data mining has broad applications that reach beyond scholarly and scientific research and provide internet search engine services that are commonly used forms of Text and Data Mining('TDM') of websites. The exceptions and limitations for data mining provide a competitive advantage in the global race for policy innovation because it permits researchers to conduct computational analysis - TDM on any materials to which they have access. For this purpose, Japan and the EU added limitations on copyright to legalize some TDM research through amendments to copyright law, and the U.S. copyright law has allowed data mining by the fair use provision. On the other hand, there are no explicit exceptions and limitations for data mining under the Korean Copyright Act, and there are no cases considering data mining fair use. We review comparatively exceptions and limitations on copyright which will help to encourage AI-related business by using more data smoothly through the mining process and extracting more valuable information.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.47-60
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• 2021

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2019, the pandemic has been prolonged. This study compares and analyzes the degree of social media usage, the information type of posts (infectious disease information, promote action, psychological communication), and the level of user engagement in conducting crisis communication by country. We conduct text analysis by collecting information on Facebook and YouTube posts from January 2020 to March 2021 of disease control and prevention agencies in Korea, US, UK, and EU. As a result, the use of social media in Korea and US is higher than of the UK and EU, and all four countries are using social media as a means to provide infectious disease information and to promote action. Although social media can be a means to reach the public psychologically, such as sympathy and respect, there are no posts of psychological communication type on social media in countries other than the US. User engagement with posts is highest in the promotion action type. This study can help define the importance and role of social media in establishing an infectious disease crisis communication strategy.

• Clean Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2024

Nanoplastics (NP) exhibit distinct material properties compared to microplastics (MP), necessitating their separate recognition. Review of research outcomes and policy documents on NP reveals that most policy frameworks predominantly define MPs as solid synthetic polymer materials measuring 5 mm or less, but do not distinguish them from NP. However, recent revisions in regulations by the EU classify NPs as particles that range in size from 1 to 1,000 nm, as confirmed by some academic studies. Research on NPs often relies on experimental investigations centered around water systems, with a focus on high-concentration experimental conditions using spherical polystyrene-based NPs in behavior and impact studies. Notably, the environmental behavior characteristics of NP show differences in influence depending on the NP type, emphasizing the need for field simulation research. These challenges are mirrored in Korean society, so it is necessary to redefine NP to be distinct from MP in both research and policy. This study aimed to assess the current state of NP management globally and domestically and highlight policy considerations and issues in the existing response to NP. Upon comprehensive review, it becomes apparent that reaching an international agreement on MP faces methodological limitations, which could potentially burden efforts to precisely define NP size. Therefore, referencing the EU's recent regulatory revisions is crucial in domestic policy. Specific adjustments should commence from the MP concept through insights from the domestic industry, guidance from the academic community, and thorough discussions to ensure social acceptance.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.334-343
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• 2023

Background: South Korea's Act on Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemicals (known as K-REACH) was established to protect public health and the environment from hazardous chemicals. 4,4'-Methylenedianiline (MDA), which is used as a major intermediate in industrial polymer production and as a vulcanizing agent in South Korea, is classified as a toxic substance under the K-REACH act. Although MDA poses potential ecological risks due to industrial emissions and hazards to aquatic ecosystems, no ecological risk assessment has been conducted. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the ecological risk of MDA by identifying the actual exposure status based on the K-REACH act. Methods: Various toxicity data were collected to establish predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) for water, sediment, and soil. Using the SimpleBox Korea v2.0 model with domestic release statistical data and EU emission factors, predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) were derived for ten sites, each referring to an MDA-using company. Hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated by ratio of the PECs and PNECs to characterize the ecological risk posed by MDA. To validate the results of modeling-based assessment, concentration of MDA was measured using in-site freshwater samples (two to three samples per site). Results: PNECs for water, sediment, and soil were 0.000525 mg/L, 4.36 mg/kg dw, and 0.1 mg/kg dw, respectively. HQ for surface water and sediment at several company sites exceeded 1 due to modeling data showing markedly high PEC in each environmental compartment. However, in the results of validation using in-site surface water samples, MDA was not detected. Conclusions: Through an ecological risk assessment conducted in accordance with the K-REACH act, the risk level of MDA emitted into the environmental compartments in South Korea was found to be low.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.16D no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 2009

The purposes of e-Government are to connect government agencies without boundary, and to deliver better quality e-services to citizens. The frontier countries try to reach the e-Government goals using Government Interoperability Framework(GIF). Even though Korea also has interoperability regulations, that is obscure. So we have some limitations to take the e-Government interoperability advantages. This study analyzes the cases of advanced countries (EU, U.S., U.K., and Australia), and reviews Korea's regulations. After that, we suggest EA based Korean e-Government Interoperability Framework(K-GIF), that is to manage the interoperability from business to information technology over the whole IT life cycle.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.149-165
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• 1996

In order to get some basic datas on environmental friendly funtion against soil and water pollution and safe vegetable production by organic farming, chemical characteristics of soils cultivated by the conventional farming, greengouse cultivation and organic farming and acumulation of NO3--N in chinese cabbage and lettuce were analysed. The highest value of NO3--N in 0-30cm subsoil of organic farming was found among the 3 different farming systems, and it was 3.6 and 6.6 times higher than those of conventional farming in chinese cabbage and lettuce respectively. P2O5 also show high accumulation in the rhizosphere of organic farming compared to convnetional farming. The accumulation of NO3--N and P2O5 in the rhizosphere of organic farming were simial to those of greenhouse cultivation. The NO3- accumulation in chinese cabbage and lettuce by organic farming reach 3224ppm in chinese cabbage and 2543ppm in lettuce and it were 4.7 and 6.4 times higher than those of convnetional farming. It is urgently necessary to introduce the basic standard of IFOAM, EU and FAO/WHO Codex on organic agriculture into korean organic agriculture for operation of environmental friendly system and production of safe vegetable in terms of NO3-.

• Proceedings of the Korean DIstribution Association Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.91-122
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• 2001

This paper's object is to study the Advanced Foreign's Third Party Logistics Trend & View at Global Logistics Times. So, I analysed the Advanced Foreign U.S. & EU and the results are as follows: First, a growth in the number of outsourcing relationships has contributed to the development of more flexible organizations, based on core competencies and mutually beneficial longer-term relationships. So, the development of logistics relationships has brought mixed results. Across many industries, logistics outsourcing is a rapidly expanding source of cost savings, competitive advantage, and customer service improvements. Thus, it appears that Third Party Logistics(TPL) concepts could be useful in meeting the goals of the 1ogistics function. Second, the field of logistics and supply chain management is becoming strategically important. At the same time, it is becoming increasingly complex because of the rapid advances in management methods, e-commerce, technology, and enabling information systems. However, Third Party Logistics provider, many a times, lack broad set of skills, integrating technologies, strategies and global reach. So, Fourth Party Logistics(4PL) is the next significant evolution in supply chain outsourcing. 4PL delivers a comprehensive supply chain solution, and delivers value through the ability to impact the entire supply chain. The 4PL industry is likely to grow as more companies use e-commerce at Global Logistics Times.