• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.361-383
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• 2024

Earthquake soil-structure interaction (ESSI) is the dynamic interaction between seismic waves, soil layers underlying structures, and the structures themselves during earthquakes, which affects the structures' response. This relationship impacts foundation behaviour, soil amplification, energy dissipation, nonlinear effects, resonance phenomena, and earthquake design considerations. Comprehending ESSI is crucial for evaluating structural performance, creating resilient structures and executing efficient seismic retrofitting procedures in earthquake-prone areas. Present seismic standards do not account for interbuilding dynamic interactions through the soil, and hence the associated seismic risk is ignored. However, due to recent population growth in cities and rising land costs, there has been a rise in city building surface density, resulting in buildings being more closely spaced. The seismic analysis of a city with high building surface density is very complex due to detailed requirement material and geometrical properties of historical as well as present structures. The construction of new building adjacent to preexisting building can either reduce or increase its structural response. This phenomenon of dynamic interaction between existing and newly built buildings is known as dynamic cross interaction (DCI) whereas site-city interactions (SCI) describe the effects of a group of structures on the overall seismic response of the site or city. This study covers the entire literature review of the pioneer findings in the field of ESSI considering different types of structures, mitigation techniques, ESSI modelling techniques, comparison between experimental and numerical techniques for earthquake analysis and latest concepts related to ESSI, DCI and SCI further the research gaps and future scope is also discussed.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.375-386
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• 2021

The purpose of the research was to explore the factors which affect service innovation in organizations and how the utilization of resources can improve organizational performance, and gain a competitive advantage by adopting numerous innovative practices. This study hypothesizes Service Innovation Readiness (SIR) to consist of Strategic Alignment favoring Service Innovation (SASI) and Empowering Structure for Service Innovation (ESSI), which regulate the organization's preparedness to adopt service innovation changes. Six dimensions were identified and analyzed to understand their effects on SASI and ESSI. A structured questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale was used to collect data from the selected hospitals of Saudi Arabia. The research results contribute considerably to the subject matter by theorizing SIR and the complex variable settings essential for embracing SI. This research also provides some understanding of the service innovation management dimension through a complete assessment that measures the organization's readiness and attempts to direct organizations' efforts to achieve and sustain competitive advantage. The study conducted is unique in the current geographic limits and has explored numerous SI areas of an organization's readiness to adopt service innovation.