• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.409-419
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• 2019

Purpose: Factors related to the major satisfaction of nursing students were systematically searched and quantitatively synthesized. Methods: Meta-analysis was conducted upon 47 articles in Korean master and doctorate degree dissertations and academic journals. Meta-analysis of major satisfaction-related variables was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) 2.0 program. The effect size of the related variables was analyzed by converting the statistic r value to Fisher's Z. Results: The overall average effect size of major satisfaction was the largest effect size (ES=.49), followed by cognitive factors (ES=.58), affective factors (ES=.45), and psychomotor factors (ES=.31). The cognitive factors were in the order nursing professionalism(ES=.70), nurse's image (ES=.65), and critical thinking disposition (ES=.36). The affective factors were self-esteem (ES=.59), emotional intelligence (ES=.55), career identity (ES=.49), self-efficacy (ES=.48), college adjustment (ES=.45), practice satisfaction (ES=.45), resilience (ES=.42), (ES=.40), grit (ES=.34), and stress (ES=.26). The psychomotor factors were clinical performance ability (ES=.38) and career search behavior (ES=.31). Conclusion: The results of this study are valuable when giving consideration to the variables related to nursing students' major satisfaction, for developing a strategic model to enhance the satisfaction of nursing students.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.159-166
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• 2005

The pulse amplitude of a search radar signal received by an ES system is not constant pulse by pulse because of the radar's scan characteristics. The variation of the pulse amplitude causes the ES detection loss in the ES system. Therefore, the ES detection range equation should consider the ES detection loss caused by the search radar's scan characteristics. In this paper, we theoretically analyze the ES detection loss for the circular scar and propose the model to evaluate it quantitatively. The experiment results for the real search radar signals demonstrate that the proposed model is suitable for the evaluation model of the ES detection loss related to the circular scan of radars.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 2017

Purpose: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis were conducted to synthesis research findings on relationships of quality of life with multi-dimensional correlates in Korean breast cancer patients. Methods: For the study purpose, 18 studies were selected through a systematic process of searching the literature. Results: Among the general characteristics, variables having a significant relationship with quality of life were age (ES=.19), marital status (ES=.15), education (ES=.19), economic status (ES=.16), job status (ES=.10), and religion (ES=.13). Among the disease characteristics, type of treatment (ES=.12), length of time since diagnosis (ES=.13), stage of disease (ES=.14), length of time since operation (ES=.10), frequency of treatment (ES=.19), wound site and pain (ES=.16) were shown to have a significant relationship with quality of life. Depression (ES=-.60), one of the psychological factor, was the variable most significantly related to quality of life. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the variables which strongly impact quality of life in breast cancer patients are depression and pain.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.13-18
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• 2020

[Purpose] In vivo studies have demonstrated the ergogenic benefits of eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) supplementation. ES has been observed to enhance endurance capacity, improve cardiovascular function, and alter metabolic functions (e.g., increased fat utilization); however, the exact mechanisms involved remain unknown. We aimed to determine whether ES could effectively induce fat loss and improve muscle metabolic profiles through increases in lipolysis- and lipid metabolism-associated protein expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, respectively, to uncover the direct effects of ES on adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells. [Methods] Different doses of ES extracts (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL) were added to cells (0.2 ES, 0.5 ES, and 1.0 ES, respectively) for 72 h and compared to the vehicle control (control). [Results] The intracellular triacylglycerol (TG) content significantly decreased (p < 0.05 for 0.2 ES, p < 0.01 for 0.5 ES and 1.0 ES) in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipose triglyceride lipase, which is involved in active lipolysis, was significantly higher in the 1.0 ES group than in the control group (p < 0.01) of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In C2C12 cells, the mitochondrial protein voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) was significantly increased in the 1.0 ES group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, we found that 1.0 ES activated both 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in skeletal muscle cells (p < 0.01). [Conclusion] These findings suggest that ES extracts decreased TG content, presumably by increasing lipase in adipocytes and metabolism-associated protein expression as well as mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle cells. These effects may corroborate previous in vivo findings regarding the ergogenic effects of ES supplementation.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2012

Suspension culture is a useful tool for culturing embryonic stem (ES) cells in large-scale, but the stability of pluripotency and karyotype has to be maintained $in$ $vitro$ for clinical application. Therefore, we investigated whether the chromosomal abnormality of ES cells was induced in suspension culture or not. The ES cells were cultured in suspension as a form of aggregate with or without mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), and 0 or 1,000 U/ml leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was treated to suspended ES cells. After culturing ES cells in suspension, their karyotype, DNA content, and properties of pluripotency and differentiation were evaluated. As a result, the formation of tetraploid ES cell population was significantly increased in suspension culture in which ES cells were co-cultured with both MEFs and LIF. Tetraploid ES cell population was also generated when ES cells were cultured alone in suspension regardless of the existence of LIF. On the other hand, the formation of tetraploid ES cell population was not detected in LIF-free condition, in which MEFs were included. The origin of tetraploid ES cell population was turned out to be E14 ES cells and not MEFs by microsatellite analysis and the basic properties of them were still maintained despite ploidy-conversion to tetraploidy. Furthermore, we identified the ploidy shift from tetraploidy to near-triploidy as tetraploid ES cells were differentiated spontaneously. From these results, we demonstrated that suspension culture system could induce ploidy-conversion generating tetraploid ES cell population. Moreover, optimization of suspension culture system may make possible mass-production of ES cells.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2006

This study was conducted to examine whether the parthenogenetic mouse embryonic stem (P-mES) cells can differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes in vitro similar to (mES) cells. p-mES04 and IVF-derived mES03 cells were cultured by suspension culture for 4 days. The formed embryoid bodies (EBs) were treated with 0.75% dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) for further 4 days (4-/4+), and then plated onto gelatin coated culture dish. The appearance of contracting cardiomyocytes from the P-mES04 and mES03 cells was examined for 30 days. The highest cumulative frequency was detected at days 13 (69.83%) and 22 (61.3%), respectively. By immunocytochemistry, beating P-mES04 cells were positively stained with muscle specific anti-sarcomeric a-actinin Ab and cardiac specific anti-cardiac troponin I Ab similar to contracted mES03 cells. When the expression of cardiac muscle-specific genes was analyzed by RT-PCR, beating P-mES04 cells were expressed cardiac specific L-type calcium channel, a1C, cardiac myosin heavy chain a, cardiac muscle heavy polypeptide $7{\beta}$, GATA binding protein 4 and atrial natriuretic factor, but not expressed skeletal muscle specific L-type calcium channel, a1S, which was similar to male adult heart cells and mES03-derived beating cardiomyocytes. The result demonstrates that the P-mES cells can be used as an alternative for the study on the characteristic analysis of in vitro cardiomyocyte differentiation from the ES cells.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2002

Objective: This study was to compare the characteristics between parthenogenetic mES (P-mES) cells and in vitro fertilization mES cells. Materials and Methods: Mouse oocytes were recovered from superovulated 4 wks hybrid F1 (C57BL/6xCBA/N) female mice. For parthenogenetic activation, oocytes were treated with 7% ethanol for 5 min and $5{\mu}g$/ml cytochalasin-B for 4 h. For IVF, oocytes were inseminated with epididymal sperm of hybrid F1 male mice ($1{times}10^6/ml$). IVF and parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in M16 medium for 4 days. Cell number count of blastocysts in those two groups was taken by differential labelling using propidium iodide (red) and bisbenzimide (blue). To establish ES cells, b1astocysts in IVF and parthenogenetic groups were treated by immunosurgery and recovered inner cell mass (ICM) cells were cultured in LIF added ES culture medium. To identify ES cells, the surface markers alkaline phosphatase, SSEA-1, 3,4 and Oct4 staining were examined in rep1ated ICM colonies. Chromosome numbers in P-mES and mES were checked. Also, in vitro differentiation potential of P-mES and mES was examined. Results: Although the cleavage rate (${\geq}$2-cell) was not different between IVF (76.3%) and parthenogenetic group (67.0%), in vitro development rate was significantly low in parthenogenetic group (24.0%) than IVF group (68.4%) (p<0.05). Cell number count of ICM and total cell in parthenogenetic b1astocysts ($9.6{\pm}3.1,\;35.1{\pm}5.2$) were signficantly lower than those of IVF blastocysts ($19.5{\pm}4.7,\;63.2{\pm}13.0$) (p<0.05). Through the serial treatment procedure such as immunosurgery, plating of ICM and colony formation, two ICM colonies in IVF group (mES, 10.0%) and three ICM colonies (P-mES, 42.9%) in parthenogenetic group were able to culture for extended duration (25 and 20 passages, respectively). Using surface markers, alkaline phosphatase, SSEA-l and Oct4 in P-mES and mES colony were positively stained. The number of chromosome was normal in ES colony from two groups. Also, in vitro neural and cardiac cell differentiation derived from mES or P-mES cells was confirmed. Conclusion: This study suggested that P-mES cells can be successfully established and that those cell lines have similar characteristics to mES cells.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.6-15
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• 1999

ES cell의 수립으로 특히 mouse를 중심으로 한 발생학, 유전학 연구의 획기적 발전과 형질변환 동물의 생산 및 동물 체내에서 유전자 기능의 탐구에 매우 큰 변혁을 가져오게 되었다. 또한 ES cell과 embryoid body는 체외 분화능의 연구에 있어 새로운 cytokine의 발견 및 세포 수준에서의 유전자 기능 해석의 강력한 연구수단으로서 폭 넓게 이용되어 질 수 있는 가능성을 시사하고 있다. 이는 ES cell line이 지닌 두 가지 장점, 즉, 유전자 조작의 용이함과, 거의 모든 종류의 성체 구성세포로 분화할 수 있는 성질 때문이다. 이러한 ES cell technology를 실제로 제반 학문과 특히, 인간에게 적용하기 위해서는 반드시 해결해야 할 중요한 문제점이 있다. 첫째로, ES cell을 대상으로 하는 형질변환 방법의 편의성 및 효율개선이 이루어 wu야 하며, 두 번째로 인간의 유전자 및 세포 이식 치료 등을 비롯한 제반 연구에 직접 적용 가능한 ES cell line의 수립과 체외에서 목적으로 하는 분화 세포를 얻기 위한 배양조건이 확립되어져야 한다. 이러한 목표를 달성하기 위해 ES cell의 발생, 분화과정에 있어서의 분자조절기구, 세포 특이적 promotor, 유도 signal등에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되어져야 할 것이다.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.30-30
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• 2003

The present study examined the developmental ability of embryonic stem (ES) cells aggregated with mouse parthenogenetic embryos. Oocytes obtained from superovulated female mouse (BCF1) were treated with 7% ethanol and 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ cytochalasin B (CB) for producing pathenotes and in vitro fertilized with fresh sperm for producing normal embryos. The reporter vector (pNeoEGFP) were inserted into ES cells (129S4/svJae) by electroporation. At the 8-cell stage, in vitro fertilized embryos and pathenotes, which the zona pellucida was removed, were co-cultured with 5~10 ES cells for 4 hr. After in vitro fertilized embryos and parthenotes aggregated with ES cells were incubated to blastocyst stage, and these blastocysts transferred into the uterus of pseudopregnant recipients. The fertilized embryos aggregated with ES cells were successfully developed to offspring, but the parthenotes aggregated with ES cells failed to develop offsprings. However, genomic DNA of ES cells was detected in the pathenogenetic fetus by polymerase chain reactions at 15 day post gestation. In this study, results indicated that parthenotes aggregated with ES cells showed possible development to fetus. In the future, this method may help to produce transgenic chimera from parthenotes aggregated with ES cells.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 2022

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of using emulsion manufactured with soybeans (ES) to substitute chicken breast in Vienna sausages. Four types of Vienna sausages (S1: 10% ES and 50% chicken, S2: 20% ES and 40% chicken, S3: 30% ES and 30% chicken, and S4: 40% ES and 20% chicken) for this study were made. The pH, color, proximate composition, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), microphotographs, cooking yields, and texture profile analysis of sausages were examined. The pH value of uncooked and cooked sausages increased significantly with increasing ES content (p<0.05). The crude protein contents of S2, S3, and S4 were significantly higher than that of the control (p<0.05). Furthermore, the SDS-PAGE results showed that α-conglycinin, β-conglycinin, and the acidic subunit of glycinin all increased with increasing ES content. Microphotographs revealed that increasing the ES content decreased the size of fat globules. The cooking yields of samples increased significantly with increasing ES content (p<0.05). The hardness values of ES treated samples were significantly lower than that of the control (p<0.05). Therefore, 30% substitute of chicken breast with ES can improve the quality and structure of Vienna sausage, without inducing critical defects.