• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2001

Ocean currents estimated from sea height anomalies derived from inter-calibrated TP/ERS are compared with daily mean currents measured with satellite-tracked drifters. The correlation coefficient between the geostrophic current from TP/ERS and surface current at 15 m depth from drifter tracks was found to be about 0.5. Due to the limitation of satellite ground tracks, small scale eddies less than 80 km are poorly resolved from TP/ERS. One of the interesting results of this study is that coastal currents along the eastern coast of Korea were well reproduced from sea height anomalies when the coastal currents were developed in association with eddies near the South Korean coast. The eddy kinetic energy (EKE) estimated from drifters, TP/ERS, and a numerical model are also compared. The EKE estimated from drifters was about 22 % higher than EKE calculated from TP/ERS. The pattern of low EKE level in the northern basin and high EKE level in the southern East Sea is shown in the EKE estimates derived from both the drifters and TP/ERS.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.13C no.4 s.107
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• pp.447-454
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• 2006

An ad-hoc network routing protocol, AODV(Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector) initially uses ERS(Expanding Ring Search) algorithm to control the RREQ(Route Request) retransmission in the route discovery process. Because ERS uses the fixed NTT(Node Travesal Time), it does not reflect accurately ad-hoc network environment. In this paper, we propose an improved ERS algorithm which lowers the retransmission rate. It uses RREP(Route Reply) and gives different weights in NTT of each node in accordance with the adjacency to an originating node. To show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, we perform a simulation using ns2. The simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm has better performance than existing algorithms.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.135-138
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• 2003

레이더 interferometry 기법을 이용하여 1995년 12월 11일과 12일에 획득된 ERS-1(orbit: 23180, frame 2853), ERS-2(orbit: 03507, frame: 2853) tandem 자료로부터 서해안(강화도-아산만) 지역의 조간대 DEM을 추출하였다. 사용된 SAR 자료는 영상획득 당시의 낮은 조위(ERS-1: 0.89 cm, ERS-2: -0.02 cm), 짧은 시간 간격(1일), 그리고 비교적 긴 기선 간격(270 m 수직 baseline)을 갖기 때문에 조간대 DEM 추출에 매우 적합하였다. 비록 추출된 DEM의 정확도 평가는 수행되지 않았지만 기존에 광학영상으로부터 추출된 남양만 지역의 waterline과 시각적으로 단순 비교될 수 있었다. 보다 정밀한 정확도 평가는 본 연구에서 사용한 자료와 같은 날 획득된 곰소만 지역의 자료(frame: 2886)를 사용하여 waterline 방법으로 추출된 DEM 및 현장 측량자료를 이용하여 수행될 것이다. Temporal 그리고 baseline decorrelation 등을 무시하고 SAR 영상의 위상측정 오차만을 이용하여 계산된 고도 정밀도는 SNR 20 dB에서 약 0.57 m이다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2007

This study was performed to apply the more rapid and accurate sample preparation, and the high selectivity and sensitivity of the analyte detection by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method was validated for 49 agrochemicals in the CORESTA Agrochemical Advisory Committee guide and amenable to GC-MS/MS determination. In QuEChERS method, the effects of sorbents (PSA, $C_{18}$ and GCB) and matrix of the analytes in tobacco types (flue-cured, burley and oriental) were investigated. MS/MS acquisition provided high specificity and selectivity for agrochemicals and low limit of quantification. QuEChERS by using PSA alone and the matrix-matched standards gave good recoveries and RSD values in three types of tobaccos. QuEChERS method was no needed to be complex clean-up procedure and would be used as the fast and easy method for agrochemical residue analysis in tobacco.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.1662-1671
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• 2008

The ERS(Embedded Rail Track system) is constructed in the world due to a slab track system having maintenance free, high structural safety, and deduction of noise and vibration. The ADRI-ERS is developed as Korean type. This paper shows that the design of ADRI-ERS and experiments according to DIN EN 13481-5 and Korea high speed train test guidelines. The ADRI-ERS has high structural safety in pull-out test, longitudinal resistance test, and fatigue test. The design method of ADRI-ERS is proposed by two design constants due to the result of experiments also.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.208-213
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• 2016

Prolonged ER stress (ERS) can be associated with the induction of apoptotic cell death in various heart diseases. In this study, we searched for microRNAs affecting ERS in the heart using in silico and in vitro methods. We found that miR-185 directly targets the 3′-untranslated region of Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger-1 (NHE-1), a protein involved in ERS. Cardiomyocyte ERS-triggered apoptosis induced by 100 ng/ml tunicamycin (TM) or 1 μM thapsigargin (TG), ERS inducers, was significantly reduced by miR-185 overexpression. Protein expression of pro-apoptotic markers such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and cleaved-caspase-3 was also markedly reduced by miR-185 in a dose-dependent manner. Cariporide (20 μM), a pharmacological inhibitor of NHE-1, also attenuated ERS-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes and CHOP protein expression, suggesting that NHE-1 plays an important role in ERS-associated apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Collectively, the present results demonstrate that miR-185 is involved in cardio-protection against ERS-mediated apoptotic cell death.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2007

The standard emission rate(ERs) of isoprene was quantitatively measured in situ from Quercus mongolica Fischer that dominates more than about 85% of domestic oak trees. The ERs values in spring and summer were similar to 64.4 and 58.1 (${\mu}gC/gdw/hr$), respectively. The ERs in autumn, 7.06(${\mu}gC/gdw/hr$), was about $8{\sim}9$ times lower than those in spring and summer. The coefficient of determination ($r^2$) between ERs and $C_L\;C_T$ ranged from 0.593 to 0.836. The correlation coefficients between the ERs and PAR. the ER and temperature suggested that ERs have strong correlation with PAR(photosynthetically active radiation) and temperature. In addition, the high values of PAR, temperature, and ERs were found in the time zone of $15:00{\sim}17:00$(spring), $15:00{\sim}16:00$(summer), and $14:00{\sim}15:00$(autumn).

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.178-185
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• 2023

QuEChERS is used worldwide as a universal sample preparation method with many benefits, such as being quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe. This study examined whether QuEChERS can be employed in isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS) for accurate analysis of pesticides in food. The ratios of fortified values and measured values of malathion and fenitrothion using the QuEChERS method were compared with those using the solid phase extract (SPE) method which was previously used in this laboratory. The separations of the two pesticides on DB-5MS and VF-1701MS columns were compared. Malathion and fenitrothion were fortified into kimchi cabbage and pretreated with the QuEChERS method and the SPE method. The results obtained using the DB-5MS column varied according to the sample preparation method, column and pesticide level. Using the VF-1701 column, ratios were 98-102% by both QuEChERS and Carb/NH₂ SPE method for all fortification level. Malathion and fenitrothion were fortified into strawberry samples for comparison with kimchi cabbage. The results for the strawberry samples indicated that the ratios were not influenced by the sample preparation methods or GC column. The QuEChERS method could be acceptable in the ID-MS method for pesticide residue analysis in food, however other conditions should be carefully considered for accurate determination, such as the column, amount of analyte and food matrix.

• Journal of Breast Cancer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.354-362
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• 2018

Cellular stress severely disrupts endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function, leading to the abnormal accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER and subsequent development of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). To accommodate the occurrence of ERS, cells have evolved a highly conserved, selfprotecting signal transduction pathway called the unfolded protein response. Notably, ERS signaling is involved in the development of a variety of diseases and is closely related to tumor development, particularly in breast cancer. This review discusses recent research regarding associations between ERS and tumor metastasis. The information presented here will help researchers elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying ERS-mediated tumor metastasis and provide new directions for tumor therapies.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.321-337
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• 2014

This study has developed an Enhanced Remote-Sensing (ERS) scale to improve the accuracy and efficiency of using remote-sensing images of residential building to predict their damage conditions. The new scale, by incorporating multiple damage states observable on remote-sensing imagery, substantially reduces measurement errors and increases the amount of information retained. A ground damage survey was conducted six days after the Joplin EF 5 tornado in 2011. A total of 1,400 one- and two-family residences (FR12) were selected and their damage states were evaluated based on Degree of Damage (DOD) in the Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale. A subsequent remote-sensing survey was performed to rate damages with the ERS scale using high-resolution aerial imagery. Results from Ordinary Least Square regression indicate that ERS-derived damage states could reliably predict the ground level damage with 94% of variance in DOD explained by ERS. The superior performance is mainly because ERS extracts more information. The regression model developed can be used for future rapid assessment of tornado damages. In addition, this study provides strong empirical evidence for the effectiveness of the ERS scale and remote-sensing technology for assessment of damages from tornadoes and other wind events.