• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.5
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• pp.223-251
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• 2002

Modalpartikeln, die auch $Abt\"{o}nungspartikeln,\;W\"{u}rzw\"{o}rter,\;F\"{a}rbew\"{o}rter$ usw. genannt werden, galten eine Zeitlang als $\"{U}berfl\"{u}ssiges$. Aber mit der 'kommunikativ­pragrnatischen Wende' hat die Partikelforschung einen enormen Aufschwung genommen. Auch im Femdsprachenunterricht waren Partikeln als etwas Unwichtiges oder in anderen Worten etwas schwer zu Behandelndes geblieben und wurden deshalb zur Seite geschoben. Mit Hilfe der Aufschwung der Partikelforschung in Deutschland untersuchte ich koreanische $\"{U}bersetzungsm\"{o}glichkeiten$ von Modalparikeln. Ich $\"{u}bernahm$ Diewaldische Methode. Sie $schl\"{a}gt$ ein Beschreibungsschema vor: Modalpartikeln haben verweisende und $verkn\"{u}fende$ Funktion. Sie weisen $n\"{a}hmlich$ auf den pragmatischen $Pr\"{a}text\;zur\"{u}ck$ und bringen ihn in relevanter Situation mit der Modalpartikel enthaltenden $\"{A}u{\ss}erung$ in Beziehung. Da braucht man also drei Ebenen: pragmatischer $Pr\"{a}text$, relevante Situation und partikelhaltige $Au{\ss}erung$. Die Schwierigkeit der $\"{U}bersetzungsm\"{o}glichkeiten$ von Modalkartikeln besteht darin, jeweiligen $Pr\"{a}text$ und jeweilige relevante Situation wiederherzustellen und auszudrticken. In diesem Aufsatz geht es nur um 'doch'. 'doch' ist eine der $h\"{a}ufigsten$ Modalpartikeln und tritt in vielen verschidenen Satzarten. 'doch' tritt in Aussage-, Imperativ-, Ausrufe­und Wunschsatzen auf. $Au{\ss}erdem$ tritt 'doch' in $Erg\"{a}nzungsfragen$ und Entscheidungsfragen mit Intonation auf und ist aber nur bei 'echten' Fragen ausgeschlossen. Aus der diachronischen Bedeutungsentwicklung und dem Bedeutungsvergleich zu ihren Homonymen stellten sich die semantischen Merkmale von 'doch' als $Adversativit\"{a}t\;und\;Konzessivit\"{a}t$. Aber diese semantischen Komponenten werden bei dem Modalpartikel $abgeschw\"{a}cht$ und pragmatische Faktoren werden in verschiedenen $Verwendungsm\"{o}glichkeiten$ verstarkt. Unter $Ber\"{u}cksichtigung\;jeweiligen\;Pr\"{a}textes$ und relevanter Situation schlug ich koreanische $\"{U}bersetzungsm\"{o}glichkeiten$ von 'doch' je nach der Satzart und nach der $Verwendungsm\"{o}glichkeit$ vor.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.37.2-37.2
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• 2016

There exist scaling relations that link the mass of supermassive black holes with both the velocity dispersion and the mass of the central stellar cusp of their host galaxies. This implies that galaxies co-evolve with their central black holes, potentially through the feedback from actively accreting supermassive black holes (AGN). We use integral field spectroscopy data from the 8.2m Gemini-North telescope to investigate ionized gas outflows in luminous local (z<0.1) Type 2 AGN. Our sample of 6 galaxies was selected based on their [OIII] dust-corrected luminosity (>$10^{42}erg/s$) and signatures of outflows in the [OIII] line profile of their SDSS spectra. These are arguably the best candidates to explore AGN feedback in action since they are < 1% of a large local type 2 AGN SDSS sample selected based on their [OIII] kinematics. Expanding on previously reported results concerning the kinematic decomposition and size determination of these outflows, here we report their photoionization properties and energetics. We find strong evidence that connect the extreme kinematics of the ionized gas with AGN photoionization. The kinematic component related to the AGN-driven outflow is clearly separated from other kinematic components, such as gravitation- or stellar-driven motions, on the velocity and velocity dispersion diagram. Our spatially resolved kinematic analysis reveals that up to 90% of the mass and kinetic energy of the outflow is contained within the central kiloparcec of the galaxy. The total mass and kinetic energy of the outflow correlate well with the AGN bolometric luminosity, resulting in energy conversion efficiencies between 0.01% and 1%. Intriguingly, we detect ubiquitous signs of ongoing circumnuclear star formation. Their small size, the centrally contained mass and energy, and the universally detected circumnuclear star formation cast doubts on the potency of these AGN-driven outflows as agents of negative feedback.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.41.1-41.1
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• 2014

Although the link between activity in the nuclei of galaxy and galactic mergers has been under scrutiny for several years, it is still unclear to what extent and for which populations of active galaxies merger-triggered activity is relevant. The environment of AGN allows an indirect probe of the past merger history and future merger probability of these systems, suffering less from sensitivity issues while extending to higher redshifts, compared to traditional morphological studies of AGN host galaxies. Here we present results from our investigation of the environment of radio selected sources out to redshift z=2. We employ the first data release J-band catalog from the new near-IR Infrared Medium-Deep Survey (IMS) and 1.4 GHz radio data from the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-cm (FIRST) survey and a deep dedicated VLA survey of the VIMOS field, covering a combined total of ~20 sq. degrees. Given the flux limit of the combined radio catalog (0.1 mJy), we probe a radio luminosity range of 10^36-10^44 erg/s. Using the second and fifth closest neighbor density parameters, we test whether active galaxies inhabit denser environments and study these overdensities in terms of both distance to the AGN and its luminosity. We find evidence for a sub-population of radio-selected AGN that resides in significantly overdense environments at small scales, although we do not find significant overdensities for the bulk of our sample. We do not recover any dependence between the AGN radio-luminosity and overdensities. We show that radio-AGN inhabiting the most underdense environments in the field have vigorous ongoing star formation. We interpret these results in terms of the triggering and fuelling mechanism of radio-AGN.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.374-381
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• 2000

Composites of polypropylene (PP) and organically modified montmorillonite (org-MMT) were prepared by melt mixing in an intensive mixer. Three grades of PP's having different melt viscosities were employed to investigate the dispersion characteristics of the composites with various org-MMT's. Depending on the matrix viscosity and nature of the interlayer in org-MMT significant variations of the phase structure were found. Under the constant mixing condition and matrix viscosity, intercalation of PP chains into the interlayer of org-MMT was possible when initial interlayer distance and packing density were maintained in the optimum range; by which the loss in entropy associated with the confinement of polymer chains was compensated. The state of org-MMT particle dispersion was improved by increasing the matrix viscosity only in the case that dispersed phase is suitable for intercalation process thermodynamically, otherwise little variation was occurred regardless of the matrix viscosity. Due to the lack of specific interaction between PP and erg-MMT considered here, although the intercalation was possible for an appropriate org-MMT, the composites revealed unstable phase structure upon increasing the mixing time, which was characterized by agglomeration of the org-MMT domains.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.155-197
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• 2012

Nach der sog. Neue Influenza(Schweinegrippe)-Pandemie wird die Verh$\ddot{u}$tung und Bek$\ddot{a}$mpfung von Infektionskrankheiten eine essentielle Aufgabe f$\ddot{u}$r das Gemeinwesen und stellt eine komplexe Herausforderung f$\ddot{u}$r die Rechtsordnung dar. Die n$\ddot{a}$chste Pandemie ist nicht mehr eine Frage der Ob, sondern lediglich der Zeit. Zwar ist der jetzige Influenza-Pandemie Plan und der koreanische Infektionsschutzgesetz (ISchG) nicht verfassungswidrig, weil mit ihnen die Untergrenzen des Gestaltungspielraums von Gesetzgeber nicht unterschreitet und damit die grundrechtliche Schutzpflicht von Staat nicht verletzt ist. Jedoch ist aber gesetzlicher Erg$\ddot{a}$nzung bed$\ddot{u}$rftig, denn es gibt keine konkrete Regelungen, die in einer Verknappungssituation von medizinischen G$\ddot{u}$tern bei Pandemien anwendbar sind. W$\ddot{u}$rde die Knappheit von Impfstoff nicht vermeiden, dann d$\ddot{u}$rfte dar$\ddot{u}$ber entschieden werden, wem die Ressourcen in der Verwendungskonkurrenzen bevorzugt zugeteilt werden sollen. In Knappheitssituationen ist zuerst die Frage der Verteilung medizinischer G$\ddot{u}$tern von so wesentlicher Bedeutung, dass sie von Verfassungs wegen durch das Parlament zu regeln ist. Zweitens kann die Verteilung knapper medizinischer Ressourcen auf Maximierung der Uberlebendenzahl als Menschenw$\ddot{u}$rdegrundsatz und Lebensschutzpflichten vom Staat gerichtet sein. Drittens d$\ddot{u}$rfen die in Art.11 KVerf genannte Kriteien, wie Geschlecht oder Religion, weil sie als Ungleichbehandlungskriterium im koreanischen Verfassungstext verboten sind, nicht zur Verteilung und Zuteilung herangezogen werden. Nicht zuletzt darf und muss der Gesetzgeber dar$\ddot{u}$ber regeln, wer in welchem Verfahren behandelt bzw. gesch$\ddot{u}$tzt werden soll.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.4.1-4.13
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• 2021

Background: Microsporum canis is a zoonotic disease that can cause dermatophytosis in animals and humans. Objectives: In clinical practice, ketoconazole (KTZ) and other imidazole drugs are commonly used to treat M. canis infection, but its molecular mechanism is not completely understood. The antifungal mechanism of KTZ needs to be studied in detail. Methods: In this study, one strain of fungi was isolated from a canine suffering with clinical dermatosis and confirmed as M. canis by morphological observation and sequencing analysis. The clinically isolated M. canis was treated with KTZ and transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in M. canis exposed to KTZ compared with those unexposed thereto. Results: At half-inhibitory concentration (½MIC), compared with the control group, 453 genes were significantly up-regulated and 326 genes were significantly down-regulated (p < 0.05). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis verified the transcriptome results of RNA sequencing. Gene ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that the 3 pathways of RNA polymerase, steroid biosynthesis, and ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes are closely related to the antifungal mechanism of KTZ. Conclusions: The results indicated that KTZ may change cell membrane permeability, destroy the cell wall, and inhibit mitosis and transcriptional regulation through CYP51, SQL, ERG6, ATM, ABCB1, SC, KER33, RPA1, and RNP genes in the 3 pathways. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the effective control of M. canis infection and the effect of KTZ on fungi.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.393-402
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• 2019

Aurora kinases inhibitors, including ZM447439 (ZM), which suppress cell division, have attracted a great deal of attention as potential novel anti-cancer drugs. Several recent studies have confirmed the anti-cancer effects of ZM in various cancer cell lines. However, there have been no studies regarding the cardiac safety of this agent. We performed several cytotoxicity, invasion and migration assays to examine the anti-cancer effects of ZM. To evaluate the potential effects of ZM on cardiac repolarisation, whole-cell patch-clamp experiments were performed with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) and cells with heterogeneous cardiac ion channel expression. We also conducted a contractility assay with rat ventricular myocytes to determine the effects of ZM on myocardial contraction and/or relaxation. In tests to determine in vitro efficacy, ZM inhibited the proliferation of A549, H1299 (lung cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HepG2 (hepatoma) cell lines with $IC_{50}$ in the submicromolar range, and attenuated the invasive and metastatic capacity of A549 cells. In cardiac toxicity testing, ZM did not significantly affect $I_{Na}$, $I_{Ks}$ or $I_{K1}$, but decreased $I_{hERG}$ in a dose-dependent manner ($IC_{50}$: $6.53{\mu}M$). In action potential (AP) assay using hiPSC-CMs, ZM did not induce any changes in AP parameters up to $3{\mu}M$, but it at $10{\mu}M$ induced prolongation of AP duration. In summary, ZM showed potent broad-spectrum anti-tumor activity, but relatively low levels of cardiac side effects compared to the effective doses to tumor. Therefore, ZM has a potential to be a candidate as an anti-cancer with low cardiac toxicity.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.86-95
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• 2021

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of department satisfaction and career maturity on the perceived health status, relationship, and self-efficacy of dental hygiene college students based on Alderfer's existence-relationship-growth theory. Methods: We obtained convenience samples of dental hygiene students in Daejeon and Chungnam areas; 241 questionnaires were collected from 250 persons considering the dropout rate and used for the final analysis except for 9 careless responses. The differences in perceived health status, relationship, self-efficacy, department satisfaction, and career maturity according to general characteristics were analyzed using a t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Moreover, structural equation modeling was performed to confirm the variables. GFI, AGFI,CFI, RMR, RMSEA, TLI, and NFI indices were calculated to verify the fitness of the path model. Results: There were significant differences in self-efficacy, department satisfaction, career maturity according to grade, and significant differences in academic performance for all variables except relationship. The school system also had a significant effect on department satisfaction. Perceived health status, relationship, self-efficacy, department satisfaction, and career maturity demonstrated statistically significant positive correlations (p<0.05). The factors affecting department satisfaction were relationship and self-efficacy. The indirect and total effects of perceived health status and relationship on career maturity were not statistically significant; however, the indirect and total effects of self-efficacy on career maturity were statistically significant. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop teaching methods according to student management plans for dental hygiene by comprehensively perceived health status, relationship, and self-efficacy affecting department satisfaction and career maturity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.24 no.1 s.63
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• pp.227-250
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• 2007

With the advent of social networking activity on the Internet, online community sites are becoming more popular. The main purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the influence of intermediary trust and system trust on the forum activity trust and information quality satisfaction. We assume that the intermediary trust and system trust come from the online community site itself, while the forum activity is made within a specific forum allowed on the online community site, and therefore forum activity trust and information quality satisfaction are related to a specific forum. The 591 valid questionnaire data were gathered from the users acting in forums allowed on the Samsung Economic Research Institute (SERI) (www. seri.org). The empirical results are as follows. First, the SERI intermediary trust and its system trust have positive influence on the SERI forum information quality, system quality, and perceived effectiveness. Second, the SERI intermediary trust contributes to reducing the SERI forum perceived risks, while the SERI system quality does not. Third, the higher the SERI intermediary trust is, the higher the SERI forum trust and information quality satisfaction increase.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2017

For the development of feasible retinal prosthesis, one of the important elements is acquiring proper judging tool if electrical stimulus leads to patient's visual perception. If evoked potential to electrical stimulus is recorded in primary visual (V1) cortex, it means that the stimulus effectively evokes visual perception. Therefore, in this study, we established VEP recording system on V1 cortex using BioPAC modules as the judging tool. And the measuring system was evaluated by recording VEP of mice. After anesthesia, normal mice (C57BL/6J strain; n = 6) were secured to stereotaxic apparatus (Harvard Apparatus, USA). For the recording of VEP, the stainless steel needle electrode (impedance: $2-5k{\Omega}$) was positioned on the surface of the cortex through the burr hole at 2.5 mm lateral and 4.6 mm caudal to bregma. DA 100C and EEG 100C BioPAC modules were used for the trigger signal and VEP recording, respectively. When left eye was blocked by black cover and right eye was stimulated by flash light using HMsERG (RetVet Corp, USA), VEP response at left V1 cortex was detected, but there was no response at right V1 cortex. Amplitudes and latencies of P2, N3 peaks of VEP recording varied according to the depths of the electrodes on V1 cortex. From the surface upto $600{\mu}m$ depth, amplitudes of P2 and N3 increased, while deeper than $600{\mu}m$, those amplitudes decreased. The deeper the insertion depth of the electrode, the latency of N1 peaks tends to be delayed. However, there was no statistically significant difference among the latencies of P2 and N3 peaks (P > 0.05, ANOVA). Our VEP recording data such as the insertion depth and the latency and amplitudes of peaks might be used as guidelines for electrically-evoked potential (EEP) recording experiment in near future.