• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.915-921
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• 2001

Phytase improves the bioavailability of phytate phosphorus in plant foods to humans and animals, and reduces the phosphorus pollution of animal waste. In order to express a high level of fungal phytase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, various expression vectors were constructed with different combinations of promoters, translation enhancers, signal peptides, and terminator. Three different promoters fused to the phytase gene (phyA) from Aspergillus niger were tested: a galactokinase (GAL1) promoter, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) promoter, and yeast hybrid ADH2-GPD promoter consisting of alcohol dehydrogenase II (ADH2) and a GPD promoter. The signal peptides of phytase, glucose oxidase (GO), and rice amylase 1A(RAmy1A) were included. Plus, the translation enhancers of the ${\Omega}$ sequence and UTR70 from the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and spinach, respectively, were also tested. Among the recombinant vectors, pGphyA06 containing the GPD promoter, the ${\Omega}$ sequence, RAmy1A, and GAL7 terminator expressed the highest phytase activity in a culture filtrate, which was estimated at 20 IU/ml. An intracellular localization of the expressed phytase activity in a culture filtrate, which was estimated at 20 IU/ml. An intracellular localization of the expressed phytase was also performed by inserting an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal, KDEL sequence, into the C-terminus of the phytase within the vector pHphyA-6. It appeared that the KDEL sequence directed most of the early expression of phytase into the intracellular compartment yet more than $60\%$ of the total phytase activity was still retained within the cell even after the prolonged (>3 days) incubation of the transformant. However, the intracellular enzyme activity of the transformant without a KDEL sequence was as high as that of the extracellular one, thereby strongly suggesting that the secretion of phytase in S. cerevisiae appeared to be the rate-limiting step for the expression of a large amount of extracellular recombinant phytase, when compared with other yeasts.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.2505-2510
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• 2014

Background: The standard radiotherapy (RT) fractionation practiced in India and worldwide is 50Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks to the chest wall or whole breast followed by tumour bed boost in case of breast conservation (BCS). A body of validated data exists regarding hypofractionation in breast cancer. We here report initial results for 135 patients treated at our center with the START-B type of fractionation. Materials and Methods: From May 2011 till July 2012, women with all stages of breast cancer (excluding metastatic), who had undergone BCS or mastectomy were planned for 40Gy in 15 fractions over 3weeks to chest wall/whole breast and supraclavicular fossa (where indicated) followed by tumour bed boost in BCS patients. Planning was done using Casebow's technique. The primary end point was to assess the acute toxicity and the cosmetic outcomes. Using cosmetic scales; patients were assessed during radiotherapy and at subsequent follow up visits with the radiation oncologist. Results: Of the 135 patients, 62 had undergone BCS and 73 mastectomy. Median age of the population was 52 years. Some 80% were T1&T2 tumours in BCS whereas most patients in mastectomy group were T3&T4 tumours (60%). 45% were node negative in BCS group whilst it was 23% in the mastectomy group. Average NPI scores were 3.9 and 4.9, respectively. Most frequently reported histopathology report was infiltrating ductal carcinoma (87%), grade III being most common (58%), and 69% were ER positive tumours, and 30% were Her 2 Neu positive. Triple negative tumours accounted for 13% and their mean age was young (43 yrs.) The maximum acute skin toxicity at the end of treatment was Grade 1 in 94% of the mastectomy grouppatients and 71% in BCS patients. Grade 2 toxicity was 6% in mast group and 23% in BCS group. Grade 3 was 6% in BCS group, no grade 3 toxicity in mastectomy patients and there was no grade 4 skin toxicity in any case. Post RT at 1 month; 39% of BCS patients had persisting Grade I skin reaction which was only 2% in mastectomy patients. At 3 months post RT, 18% patients had persisting hyperpigmentation. At 6 months 8% patients had persisting erythema in the BCS group only. Some 3% BCS and 8% mastectomy patients had lymph edema till the date of evaluation. Cosmetic outcome in BCS patients remained good to excellent 6 months post surgery and radiotherapy. 1 patient of BCS and 3 patients of mast had developed metastatic disease at the time of evaluation. Conclusions: Hypofractionated RT is well tolerated in Indian population with reduced acute skin toxicity and good cosmetic outcome. Regimens such as these should be encouraged in other centers to increase machine output time. The study is on-going to assess long term results.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2004

Benzoyl peroxide is a High Production Volume Chemical, which is produced about 1,371 tons/year in Korea as of 2001 survey. The substance is mainly used as initiators in polymerization, catalysts in the plastics industry, bleaching agents for flour and medication for acne vulgaris. In this study, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) are used for getting adequate information on the physical -chemical properties of this chemical. And hydrolysis in water, acute toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial organisms for benzoyl peroxide were studied. The physical -chemical properties of benzoyl peroxide were estimated as followed; vapor pressure=0.00929 Pa, Log $K_{ow}$ = 3.43, Henry's Law constant=3.54${\times}$10$^{-6}$ atm-㎥/mole at $25^{\circ}C$, the half-life of photodegradation=3 days and bioconcentration factor (BCF)=92. Hydrolysis half-life of benzoyl peroxide in water was 5.2 hr at pH 7 at $25^{\circ}C$ and according to the structure of this substance hydrolysis product was expected to benzoic acid. Benzoyl peroxide has toxic effects on the aquatic organisms. 72 hr-Er $C_{50}$ (growth rate) for algae was 0.44 mg/1.,48 hr-E $C_{50}$ for daphnia was 0.07mg/L and the 96hr-L $C_{50}$ of acute toxicity to fish was 0.24mg/L. Acute toxicity to terrestrial organisms (earth worm) of benzoyl peroxide was low (14 day-L $C_{50}$ = > 1,000 mg/kg). Although benzoyl peroxide is high toxic to aquatic organisms, the substance if not bioaccumulated because of the rapid removal by hydrolysis (half-life=5.2 hr at pH 7 at $25^{\circ}C$) and biodegradation (83% by BOD after 21 days). The toxicity observed is assumed to be due to benzoyl peroxide rather than benzoic acid, which shows much lower toxicity to aquatic organisms. One can assume that effects occur before hydrolysis takes place. From the acute toxicity value of algae, daphnia and fish, an assessment factor of 100 was used to determine the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). The PNEC was calculated to be 0.7$\mu\textrm{g}$/L based on the 48 hr-E $C_{50}$ daphnia (0.07 mg/L). The substance shows high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms and some information indicates wide-dispersive ore of this substance. So this substance is, a candidate for further work, even if it hydrolysis rapidly and has a low bioaccumulation potential. This could lead to local concern for the aquatic environment and therefore environmental exposure assessment is recommended.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.169-177
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• 2013

최근 급속도로 당뇨병 환자가 증가하면서 인슐린 시장이 크게 성장하고 있다. 또한 최근 식물체를 이용하여 의약용 단백질 생산이 경제적인 측면과 안정성 측면에서 매우 효과적임이 보고되고 있어 이를 이용한 분자농업이 주목을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 인슐린 단백질을 식물체에서 생산하기 위한 유전자 발현 construct를 설계하기 위한 실험으로서 식물발현용 preprominiinsulin construct를 제조하기 위한 단계적 실험을 수행하였다. 우선 proinsulin이 무세포 식물 전사/번역시스템에서 성공적으로 발현됨을 확인하였다. Prominiinsulin construct를 제조하여 대장균에서 발현시키는데 성공하였으며, 이를 트립신으로 절단한 후 인간 항인슐린 항체를 이용한 western 분석을 통하여 효과적으로 A-펩타이드와 B-펩타이드가 형성되며 이후 적절하게 접힘이 일어나고 hexamer로 조립됨을 확인하였다. 이후 식물체에서 재조합 인슐린 유전자가 발현되는지를 확인하기 위하여 RFP 결합 construct를 제조하여 담배의 현탁배양세포인 BY-2 세포에 형질전환시켜 RFP 결합 preprominiinsulin이 성공적으로 발현됨을 확인 하였다. 이러한 성공적인 연구 결과를 토대로 향후 이 construct는 RFP 단백질을 제거하여 35S 프로모터에 직접 유도되는 [N 말단 ${\rightarrow}$ tobacco E2 시그널 펩타이드 ${\rightarrow}$ B-펩타이드(1-29 AA) ${\rightarrow}$ AAK ${\rightarrow}$ A-펩타이드(1-21 AA) ${\rightarrow}$ RR ${\rightarrow}$ His6 ${\rightarrow}$ KDEL ${\rightarrow}$ C 말단] construct를 제조하여 담배 식물체에 형질전환시켜 분자농업을 통해 인간 인슐린 단백질을 생산하는데 활용하고자 한다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.380-387
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• 1997

Pectate lyase isoenzymes을 분비하는 Erwinia carotovorn subsp. carotovora LY34는 식물조직을 연화시키는 연부균이다. 이 균주로부터 게놈 DNA를 분리하여 Sau3Al 제한효소로 부분 절단한 다음 pBluescript $SK^+$ 벡터에 클로닝하여 pectate Iyase를 분비하는 클론을 분리하였다 분리 결과 4.2 kb크기의 DNA 단편을 가지고 있었으며 이를 다시 재클로닝하여 3.1 kb크기의 pelCI유전자를 함유하는 pLYPA100을 구하였다. 이 유전자의 DNA 염기서열을 분석한 결과 374 개의 아미노산을 구성하는 1,122 bp의 ORF를 확인하였다. 시작코돈과 종결코돈은 ATG와 TAA였으며 초기 서열 22개의 아미노산으로 구성된 전형적인 원핵세포의 signal peptide가 존재하였다. PeICI의 단백질 염기서열을 다른 단백질과 유사성을 분석한 결과 Erwinia carotovera subsp. carotovora Er 균주의 PelIII, Erwinia carotevora subsp. carotovora SCR193 균주의 PeIC 및 Erwinia caretovora subsp. atroseptica C18 균주의 Pel3과 유사하였으며 PLbc family에 속하였다. PeICI의 분자량은 40,507, pI는 7.60으로 계산되었다.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.139-150
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• 2024

Purpose : Scapular dyskinesis, it have been shown to be common in overhead athletes and has been associated with RC muscle strength. Posterior shoulder tightness (PST) has been suggested as an important factor causing scapular dyskinesis. Therefore, rehabilitation programs should focus on a posterior shoulder stretch combined with scapular stabilization exercise (PSSE) intervention. Determine the effects of posterior shoulder stretch combined with scapular stabilization exercise on the rotator cuff (RC) muscles strength, functional strength ratio (FSR), range of motion (ROM), and pain. Methods : 30 adolescent baseball players participated and subjects were allocated PSSE group (n=15) or the SSE group (n=15). Both group performed a 6-weeks intervention and measured of isokinetic peak torque/body weight (PT/BW) of concentric external rotator (CER), eccentric external rotator (EER), concentric internal rotator (CIR), eccentric internal rotator (EIR), FSR, ROM, and pain. Results : After 6 weeks PSSE, significant increase CER PT/BW (+6.02±4.76 %), EER PT/BW (+5.39±4.22 %), EER to CIR ratio (+.17±.16), and internal rotation ROM (+15.08±3.57 °). Whereas, significant decrease EIR to CER ratio (-.14±.18), external rotation ROM (-12.00±6.94 °), and GIRD (-17.41±2.84 °) compared with pre-intervention. No significant difference of isokinetic PT/BW of CIR and EER post-intervention. In the SSE group showed no significant difference all measurements for isokinetic PT/BW, FSR, and ROM post-intervention. The pain was significant improve both PSSE group (-3.25±1.60) and SSE group (-2.83±1.85) post-intervention. Conclusion : Both the PSSE and SSE interventions led to more pain relief. However, only the PSSE group showed ROM, CER, EER PT/BW, and FSR improvements. These results might suggest that the PSSE intervention is a more effective program for improving RC muscle strength and balance, in particular, concentric and eccentric ER muscle strength, FSR and can expect to prevent shoulder injuries in adolescent baseball players with scapular dyskinesis.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.257-266
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• 2008

PAHs는 인간활동에 의한 화석연료 이용으로 해양환경 중에 넓게 분포되어 있다. 환경 중 다양한 경로를 통해 해양으로 유입된 PAHs는 잠재적으로 해양 수서환경 생물에 대해서 발암성과 돌연변이를 일으키고 있다. 광양만은 여수화학공단, 광양제철소, 콘테이너부두가 위치해 있고 도시화가 진행되어 PAHs의 오염이 예상되는 해역이다. 본 연구는 광양만의 주상퇴적물에서 PAHs의 오염에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 주상퇴적물은 1999년 7월에 4개 정점(A, B, C와 D)에서 채집하여 soxhlet extractor로 추출하고 GC-MS를 이용하여 PAHs 13종을 검출하였다. 주상퇴적물에서 13종 PAHs 화합물 모두가 검출되었으며, Total PAHs는 275.04${\sim}$2,838.6464(평균 406.43)${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt.의 범위로 검출되었고 분석한 PAHs 화합물 중 Naphthalene이 40.60${\sim}$2294.06${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt.로서 거의 모든 시료에서 가장 높게, Anthracene이 2.63${\sim}$11.30${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt.로서 가장 낮게 나타났다. Total PAHs와 PAHs 화합물의 상관관계는 Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Phenanthrene과 같은 저분자량 물질에서 상대적으로 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. P/A(Phenanthrene/Anthracene)비와 F/P(Fluoranthene/Pyrene)비에 의한 기원의 형태는 연소기원과 유류오염기원의 복합적인 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 광양만 주상퇴적물에서의 TotaI PAHs 농도는 생물학적 영향에 대한 기준(Biological effect guidelines)인 ER-L(Effect Range-Low), ER-M(Effect Range-Middle) 및 OAET(Overall Apparent Effect Thresholds)보다 적은 값을 보였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.129-150
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• 1993

Since the restoration or masticatory function is the most important aim of implants, it should be substituted for the role of natural teeth and deliver the stress to the bone under the continous load during function. In natural teeth, stress distribution can be obtained through enamel, dentin and cementum and the elasticity of the periodontal ligament play a role of buffering action. In contrast, implant prosthesis has a very unique characteristics that it delvers the load directly to bone through the implant and superstructure. This fact arise the needs to evaluate the stress distribution of the implant in the mechnical aspects, which has a similar role of natural teeth but different pathway of stress. With 3 kinds of implant in prevalent use, 2 types of experimental PEA implant models were made, axisymmetric and 2-dimensional type. In axisymmetric model, the stiffness of the part including the prosthesis and implant which extrude out of bony surface could be calculated with displacement of the superstructure un er 100N vertical load and then damping effects could be determined through this stiffness. In axisymmetric FEA model, load to the bone could be deduced by evaluation the stress distribution of the designed surface under the 100N vertical force and in 2-dimensional model, 100N eccentric vertical load and 20N horizontal loda. The result are as follows. 1. In every implant, stress to the bone tends to be concenturated on the cortical bone. 2. Though the stress of the cancellous bone is larger at the apex of implants, it is less compared with cortical bone. 3. Under 20N horizontal load, stress of the left and right sides of implant shows a symmetrical pattern. But under 100N eccentric vertical load, loaded side shows much larger stress value. 4. In the 1mm interface, stress distribution among implants tend to have a similar pattern. But under 20N horizontal load apposite side of being loaded shows less stress in IMZ. 5. In the case of screw type implant, stress tends to vary along with screw shape. 6. According to the result determined with microstrain, cancellous bone id generally under the condition of overload, while cortical bone is usually within the limitation of physiologic load. 7. In the Branemark implant, maximum stress to the cortical bone is larger than any other implant except for the condition of 20N horizontal force and 0.05mm interface. 8. Damping effects of implants is maximum in IMZ.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.126-139
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• 1994

본 연구에서는 BETHSY 실험장치에서 수행한 6" 소형 냉각재 상실사고(LOCA) 실험을 최적 열수력 코드인 CATHARE2 V1.2와 RELAP5/MOD3를 이용하여 계산했다. 본 연구의 주 목적은 소형 LOCA시 관심을 가지는 주요 물리현상인 이상 임계유동, 감압과정, 노심수위 감소, loop seal clearing 등에 대한 두 코드의 소형 LOCA 계산모의능력을 평가하는 것이다. 두코드는 이상 유동현상의 전개 경향이나 발생시점을 비교적 잘 예측하는 것으로 나타났고, CATHARE2의 경우가 실험과 더 잘 일치했다. 그렇지만 두 코드는 loop seal clearing 현상, loop seal clearing 발생후의 노심수위, accumulator 유량거동 등의 예측에는 약간의 편차를 보였는데, 편차의 정도는 RELAP5가 CATHARE2보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 두 코드의 편차요인을 보다 상세히 분석하기 위하여 계면 마찰력, mesh크기, 파단노즐 junction에서의 방출계수(Discharge coefficient)등에 대하여 민감도분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과 CATHARE2의 경우는 계면 마찰력을 증가시킴으로써 감압과정시 일차계통의 질량분포, 즉 증기 발생기 입구 공동(SG inlet plenum)에서의 차압과 Cross√er leg의 차압이 개선되었으며, 증기발생기 외측 열전달계수를 증가시킴으로써 중기발생기의 압력변화를 개선할 수 있었다. RELAP5의 경우는 어떤 하나의 입력변수를 변화시켜서 과도기의 결과를 개선할 수 없었으며 다만, 계면 마찰력 모델링에 여전히 많은 불화실성이 내포되어 있음을 확인했다.확인했다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.406-416
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• 2017

본 연구는 대학병원 응급실에 근무하는 응급실 종사자를 대상으로 폭력 경험에 따른 폭력 반응, 소진 및 직무 만족도를 조사하였다. IRB 심의 면제 후 설문지를 이용하여 대학병원 응급실 종사자 167명을 대상으로 2015년 7월부터 8월까지 자기기입식으로 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도와 백분율, 평균과 표준편차, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficiency, Multiple regression로 분석하였다. 이에 따른 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 대상자의 응급실 폭력 경험에서 대상자가 폭력에 노출 경험이 있는 경우가 84.4%로 다수를 차지하며 언어폭력이 가장 높게 나타났다. 폭력 가해자는 환자와 보호자에 의한 발생이 많았으며, 보호자의 경우 음주상태인 경우가 많았고 폭력 발생은 야간 근무 때 높게 나타났고, 폭력 경험은 의료진이 가장 많았다. 폭력 경험에 따른 정서적 반응이 유의하게 높게 (t=2.528, p=0.12)로 나타났다. 응급실 폭력 경험 대상자의 폭력 반응과 소진은 유의한 양의 상관관계로 나타났다(r=.616, p=<.001). 응급실 폭력 경험 대상자의 폭력 반응과 직무 만족은 유의한 음의 상관관계를 나타내었으며 (r=-.512, p=<.001) 응급실 폭력 경험 대상자의 소진과 직무 만족은 유의한 음의 상관관계로 나타났다(r=-.568, p=<.001). 직무 만족에 가장 큰 영향 요인은 폭력에 대한 정서적 반응과 소진으로 파악되었다. 이 번 연구는 폭력 예방을 위한 프로그램과 함께 폭력에의 노출 후 정서적 지지 및 스트레스나 소진 관리를 위한 전략이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.