• 대한수의학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 1987

To validate the comparision of proximal and distal large intestinal motility, the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous motility, the effect of acetylcholine, the effect of atropine on the response of acetylcholine, the effect of histamine and the effect of pyrilamine and cimetidine on the response of histamine were investigated in rabbit. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The amplitude of spontaneous motility was more powerful on the proximal large intestine than that of the distal large intestine, but the frequency of spontaneous motility was similar on the both proximal and distal large intestine in rabbit. 2. Acetylcholine caused the contraction of proximal and distal large intestine, and the contractile response were increased between the concentration of acetylcholne $10^{-9}$ and $5{\times}10^{-6}M$ and $10^{-7}$ and $10^{-4}M$ on the proximal and distal large intestine, respectively, with dose-dependent manner in rabbit. 3. The contractile response induced by acetylcholine was completely blocked by the post-treatment with cholinergic receptor blocker, atropine $10^{-6}M$. 4. Histamine caused the contraction of proximal and distal large intestine and the contractile response were increased between the concentration of histamine $10^{-9}$ and $5{\times}10^{-5}M$ and $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-3}M$ on the proximal and distal large intestine, respectively, with dose-depend ent manner in rabbit. 5. The contractile response induced by histamine was completely blocked by the pretreatment with $H_1$-receptor blocker, pyrilamine $10^{-6}M$, but not blocked by the pretreatment with $H_2$-receptor blocker, cimetidine $10^{-6}M$.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2014

갑상선절제술은 내분비 외과의사가 하는 수술 중 가장 안전한 수술이지만 수술 중 기도나 식도가 손상 받을 수 있으므로 각별한 주의를 기울여야 한다. 특히 기도 괴사와 같이 생명에 위협을 주는 합병증이 있음을 유념해야 한다. 본 논문은 갑상선 전 절제술과 승모판 치환술을 함께 받은 72세 여성환자가 수술 후 3일만에 기도 괴사가 발생한 케이스이다. 3개의 기관륜에 걸쳐 괴사가 발생되어 있었다. 괴사된 조직을 제거하고, 이후 지속적인 괴사조직에 대한 제거와 치료와 적으로 기관개창술을 시행하고, 자연폐쇄를 유도하여 성공적으로 치료되었다. 비슷한 여러 논문들을 살펴본 결과 기도 괴사를 유발하는 요인으로는 조절되지 않는 기침, 여성, 갑상샘중독 결절, 기도 삽관 시 발생되는 손상, 삽관튜브 커프의 과팽창으로 기도가 장시간 높은 압력으로 압박되었을 때, 적절하기 않은 커프 크기, 삽관튜브 커프의 공기를 빼지 않고 무리하게 움직였을 때, 출혈이 많을 때, 과도한 전기소작으로 인한 손상, 기도로 가는 혈관손상으로 인한 혈액공급의 차단, 감염 등으로 보고 있다. 치료는 기도의 괴사와 감염의 정도에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 일차 봉합술, 일시적 스토마 형성, 일시적 기관조루술, 단단연결술, 기도 스텐트 설치술, 근육피판 재건술, 보존적 치료 등을 시행할 수 있다. 기도 괴사에 대한 위험인자와 치료에 대해서는 아직 확실히 적립되지 않은 상태이다. 드문 합병증이지만 생명을 위협할 수 있는 이러한 합병증에 대해 항상 염두 해 두고 수술 시 신중을 기하고 문제 발생시 신속한 대응을 해야겠다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.103-118
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• 2018

Ecosystems in subalpine regions are recognized as areas vulnerable to climatic changes because rainfall and the possibility of flora migration are very low due to the characteristics of topography in the regions. In this context, habitat niche was formulated for representative species of arbors in subalpine regions in order to understand the effects of climatic changes on alpine arbor ecosystems. The current potential habitats were modeled as future change areas according to the climatic change scenarios. Based on the growth conditions and environmental characteristics of the habitats, the study was conducted to identify direct and indirect causes affecting the habitat reduction of Abies nephrolepis. Diverse model algorithms for explanation of the relationship between the emergence of biological species and habitat environments were reviewed to construct the environmental data suitable for the six models(GLM, GAM, RF, MaxEnt, ANN, and SVM). Weights determined through TSS were applied to the six models for ensemble in an attempt to minimize the uncertainty of the models. Based on the current climate determined by averaging the climates over the past 30years(1981~2010) and the HadGEM-RA model was applied to fabricate bioclimatic variables for scenarios RCP 4.5 and 8.5 on the near and far future. The results of models of the alpine region tree species studied were put together and evaluated and the results indicated that a total of eight national parks such as Mt. Seorak, Odaesan, and Hallasan would be mainly affected by climatic changes. Changes in the Baekdudaegan reserves were analyzed and in the results, A. nephrolepis was predicted to be affected the most in the RCP8.5. The results of analysis as such are expected to be finally utilizable in the survey of biological species in the Korean peninsula, restoration and conservation strategies considering climatic changes as the analysis identified the degrees of impacts of climatic changes on subalpine region trees in Korean peninsula with very high conservation values.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.1-37
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• 2003

The epistaxis is commonplace and temporary disease in the field of ENT. In most cases, it is a slight illness, but sometimes, it leads to death because of copious bleeding. The first treatment of epistaxis is stoping hemorrhage, but the real state of treatment in oriental medical is not thoroughgoing enough. So we referred to oriental medical journals and sundry records about etiology and remedy of epistaxis, we got this results. 1. The etiology of epistaxis was mostly bleeding due to heat in the blood by dysfunction of Jang and Bu Gi, there were affection wind-cold by exopathogen, spleen heat to liver, excessive fire of lung meridian, stagnated fire-heat of upper Cho, excessive drinking, bruise and so on. 2. The treatment was used much to remove heat from the blood and activating blood, in case of getting no better, it's used to enriching the blood or clear Gi. 3. The internal remedy of epistaxis was the most used 20times SeogakJihwangtang(犀角地黃湯) to remove heat from the blood and activating blood, and used Jihwangtang(地黃湯), Samhwangbohyultang(三黃補血湯), Jiyuksan(止육散), hueksinsan(黑神散), etc. The drugstuffs were the most used 51times Radix Rehmanniae Preparata((生地黃) to clear heat and remove heat from the blood, produce the body fluids, yin, and used Radix Paeoniae Alba(芍樂) and Radix Glycyrrhizae(甘草), Radix Angelicae Gignatis(當歸), Radix Scutellariae(黃岑), Rhizoma Coptidis(黃連) and Fructus Gardeniae(梔子), etc. 4. The external medical treatment of epistaxis was the most used 16times spraying the granular medication into the cavity and attaching Allii Bulbus(大蒜) to center of the sole or binding the middle finger, etc.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.57-60
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• 2011

Spontaneous tonsillar bleeding is a rare condition in ENT unit. Almost reported cases have been related to infection of tonsils. Prior to introduction of antibiotics, spontaneous tonsillar bleeding was usually related to superficial capsular bleeding due to acute or chronic tonsillitis. The presented case is a 36-year old healthy man without history of acute, chronic tonsillitis, and coagulation disorder who complained of dyspnea and oropharyngeal foreign body sensation after vomitting. Examination revealed a reddish polypoid mass of the right tonsil. Furthermore, the mass pushed uvula and tongue base, caused nearly total obstruction of oropharynx. All rountine laboratory test results were within normal limits. Computed tomography (CT) showed low density mass of attached in upper pole of right tonsil without enhancement. We performed tonsillectomy including the reddish polypoid mass under general anesthesia. The pathology revealed lymphoepithelial tissue with reactive hyperplasia. This is the first reported tonsillar hematoma presenting as a large oropharyngeal mass which was caused by vomitting.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2013

Objective The objective was to evaluate changes in swallow safety and dietary status after the transcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin into the upper esophageal sphincter in a series of outpatients with dysphagia. Methods Patients who were at risk for aspiration and who had an unsuccessful trial of swallowing therapy were admitted to the study. All patients showed significant pooling of fluids in the pyriform sinus. All patients were treated in the office; none had previous esophageal dilatation. The upper border of the cricoid cartilage was identified using standard electromyogram procedures and botulinum toxin was injected. Outcomes were assessed using the penetration-aspiration scale, NIH swallowiwng safety score, patients' short-term and long-term subjective impressions of their ability to swallow, and change in dietary status. Results Ten patients underwent an instrumental evaluation of swallowing function. Of the 10 patients, 9 showed an overall improvement in their ability to take an oral diet safely. The penetration-aspiration scale, NIH swallowiwng safety score, patients' short-term and long-term subjective impressions of their ability to swallow, and change in dietary status were significantly improved after office-based botox injection. Conclusion Office-based EMG guided botox injection to the cricopharyngeus muscle is a simple, safe, and effective tool for dysphagia patients. Injection of Botox in the office should be considered when the dysphagia pattern is aspiration after swallow.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.47-53
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• 1975

Pan-Korean multi-center trial of doxycycline in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory infection was carried out in the summer(from May to October) of 1975. A total of 204 patients between the ages of 3 and 75 was treated by 37 physicians including the internal medicine, pediatrics and ENT specialist in 17 general hospitals and 2 private clinics all-over the country. The dosage recommended was 200 mg on the first day of therapy followed by 100 mg daily thereafter. The pediatric dosage was 4 mg/kg on the first day and then 2mg/kg on each successive day. The subjective and objective signs of respiratory infection such as temperature, cough, sputum, pain and associated inflammatory symptoms were assessed using the carefully designed protocols and it showed rapid improvement by the fifth day (80%) of therapy. Only minor side-effects were reported and these were mild and mainly limited to gastrointestinal tract. The overall evaluation of the trial showed that 170 patients(83.3%) had a very good or good result, 13 patients (6.4%) a moderate and another 13 patients (6.4%) a negative result.

• 한국생물물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물물리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.30-30
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• 2003

Without a definitive resolution of stoichiometry of cardiac Na$^{+}$-Ca$^{2+}$exchange (NCX), we cannot proceed to any quantitative analysis of exchange function as well as cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. The stoichiometry of cardiac NCX, however, is presently in doubt because reversal potentials determined by various groups range between those expected for a 3-to-1 and a 4-to-1 flux coupling. For a new perspective on this problem, we have used ion-selective microelectrodes to quantify directly exchanger-mediated fluxes of $Ca^{2+}$and Na$^{+}$in giant membrane patches. $Ca^{2+}$- and Na$^{+}$-selective microelectrodes, fabricated from quartz capillaries, are placed inside of the patch pipettes to detect extracellular ion transients associated with exchange activity. Ion changes are monitored at various distances from the membrane, and the absolute ion fluxes through NCX are determined via simulations of ion diffusion and compared with standard ion fluxes (Ca$^{2+}$ fluxes mediated by $Ca^{2+}$ ionophore, and Na$^{+}$ fluxes through gramicidin channels and Na$^{+}$/K$^{+}$pumps). Both guinea pig myocytes and NCX1-expressing BHK cells were employed, and for both systems the calculated stoichiometries for inward and outward exchange currents range between 3.2- and 3.4-to-1. The coupling ratios do not change significantly when currents are varied by changing cytoplasmic [Ca$^{2+}$] or by adding cytoplasmic Na$^{+}$. The exchanger reversal potentials, measured in both systems under several ionic conditions, range from 3.1- to 3.3-to-1. Taken together, a clear discrepancy from a NCX stoichiometry of 3-to-1 was obtained. Further definitive experiments are required to acquire a fixed number, and the present working hypothesis is that NCX current has an extra current via ‘conduction mode’.ent via ‘conduction mode’.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.79-92
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• 2006

Acupuncture has acupoints to treat, prevent, and reduce disease and to recover health by meridian guidance and reflexion. In the oriental medicine, meridian and acupoints are the foundations of treatment. Therefore, in the clinical treatment, we have to decide the therapeutic methods, meridian, acupoints, acupoint place, and acupoint match according to the disease. This study was designed to investigate the combined effects of ST36, ST37, and ST39 using electroacupuncture in rats. The present study was conducted to see the effects produced by combined electro-acupuncture(EA) at ST36, ST37, and ST39 on small intestine transportation in rats. EA(2 Hz, 5mA, pulse duration 1 ms) was applied for 30 minutes at acupoints of ST36, ST37, and ST39. The results are as follows. Compared to other acupoint place matches, ST36(left)+ ST37(right), ST36(left)+ST39(right), and ST37(left)+ST39 (right) were more effective than ST36(right)+ST37(left), ST36 (right)+ST39(left), and ST37(right)+ST39(left) for small intestine transporation(+ means acupoint place match). In terms of acupoint placement, ST36(left), ST37(right), and ST39(right) were more effective than the other sides for small intestine transporation. The data suggests that we have to consider acupoint place and acupoint match for acupucture therapy.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.352-363
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• 2019

Background: Invasive plant species are considered a major threat to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and human wellbeing worldwide. Climatically suitable ranges for invasive plant species are expected to expand due to future climate change. The identification of current invasions and potential range expansion of invasive plant species is required to plan for the management of these species. Here, we predicted climatically suitable habitats for 11 invasive plant species and calculated the potential species richness and their range expansions in different provinces of the Republic of Korea (ROK) under current and future climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) modeling approach. Results: Based on the model predictions, areas of climatically suitable habitats for 90.9% of the invasive plant species are expected to retain current ecological niches and expand to include additional climatically suitable areas under future climate change scenarios. Species richness is predicted to be relatively high in the provinces of the western and southern regions (e.g., Jeollanam, Jeollabuk, and Chungcheongnam) under current climatic conditions. However, under future climates, richness in the provinces of the northern, eastern, and southeastern regions (e.g., Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi, Gyeongsangnam, Degue, Busan, and Ulsan) is estimated to increase up to 292%, 390.75%, and 468.06% by 2030, 2050, and 2080, respectively, compared with the current richness. Conclusions: Our study revealed that the rates of introduction and dispersion of invasive plant species from the western and southern coasts are relatively high and are expanding across the ROK through different modes of dispersion. The negative impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem dynamics, and economy caused by invasive plant species will be high if preventive and eradication measures are not employed immediately. Thus, this study will be helpful to policymakers for the management of invasive plant species and the conservation of biodiversity.