• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제29권
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• pp.15.1-15.7
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• 2014

Objectives This paper tried to review a recent research trend for the environmental exposure of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and its removal efficiency in the nanowaste treatment plants. Methods The studies on the predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) of ENMs obtained by exposure modeling and treatment (or removal) efficiency in nanowaste treatment facilities, such as wastewater treatment plant (WTP) and waste incineration plant (WIP) were investigated. The studies on the landfill of nanowastes also were investigated. Results The Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology group has led the way in developing methods for estimating ENM production and emissions. The PEC values are available for surface water, wastewater treatment plant effluents, biosolids, sediments, soils, and air. Based on the PEC modeling, the major routes for the environmental exposure of the ENMs were found as WTP effluents/sludge. The ENMs entered in the WTP were 90-99% removed and accumulated in the activated sludge and sludge cake. Additionally, the waste ash released from the WIP contain ENMs. Ultimately, landfills are the likely final destination of the disposed sludge or discarded ENMs products. Conclusions Although the removal efficiency of the ENMs using nanowaste treatment facilities is acceptable, the ENMs were accumulated on the sludge and then finally moved to the landfill. Therefore, the monitoring for the ENMs in the environment where the WTP effluent is discharged or biomass disposed is required to increase our knowledge on the fate and transport of the ENMs and to prevent the unintentional exposure (release) in the environment.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.382-393
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• 2006

Mechanical system dynamics plays an important role in the area of computational structural biology. Elastic network models (ENMs) for macromolecules (e.g., polymers, proteins, and nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA) have been developed to understand the relationship between their structure and biological function. For example. a protein, which is basically a folded polypeptide chain, can be simply modeled as a mass-spring system from the mechanical viewpoint. Since the conformational flexibility of a protein is dominantly subject to its chemical bond interactions (e.g., covalent bonds, salt bridges, and hydrogen bonds), these constraints can be modeled as linear spring connections between spatially proximal representatives in a variety of coarse-grained ENMs. Coarse-graining approaches enable one to simulate harmonic and anharmonic motions of large macromolecules in a PC, while all-atom based molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been conventionally performed with an aid of supercomputer. A harmonic analysis of a macroscopic mechanical system, called normal mode analysis, has been adopted to analyze thermal fluctuations of a microscopic biological system around its equilibrium state. Furthermore, a structure-based system optimization, called elastic network interpolation, has been developed to predict nonlinear transition (or folding) pathways between two different functional states of a same macromolecule. The good agreement of simulation and experiment allows the employment of coarse-grained ENMs as a versatile tool for the study of macromolecular dynamics.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권11호
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• pp.634-640
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• 2017

나노 물질의 활용이 증가하면서, 환경 내 나노물질의 독성 및 거동에 관련 연구가 필수적인데, 나노독성평가의 신뢰도를 확보하기 위해서는 노출 배지 내 나노물질의 안정적인 분산방법에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)에서 제안한 천연유기물을 활용한 나노 분산액 제조 방법을 토대로 화장품 등 다양한 분야에서 널리 사용되고 있는 산화아연 나노입자 생태독성 평가를 위한 분산배지 조제방법을 정립하여 다양한 시험종에 대한 수생태시험 적용성 평가를 수행하였다. 천연유기물을 활용하여 분산성이 향상된 시험배지 내 나노 입자의 분산 안정성을 확인하기 위해 제조 후, 96시간까지의 동적광산란(Dynamic Light Scattering, DLS)측정 결과 입자 크기 분포의 평균값이 약 150-200 nm의 수준을 유지하면서 나노입자의 안정성을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 천연유기물을 활용하여 금속계 나노물질의 배지 내 분산력을 향상 시키는 방법이 수생태독성시험에 적용 가능성이 높을 것으로 판단되었고, 수생태독성 시험종(어류, 물벼룩, 깔따구, 조류 등)에서의 독성 영향을 확인한 결과 물벼룩 및 깔따구를 이용한 급성 독성 실험에 적합한 것으로 확인되어 향후 나노물질의 수생태독성평가에서 재현성 높은 결과 확보 방안을 도출에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국폐기물자원순환학회지
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.670-682
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• 2018

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) can be released to humans and the environment through the generation of waste containing engineered nanomaterials (WCNMs) and the use and disposal of nano-products. Nanoparticles can also be introduced intentionally or unintentionally into waste streams. This study examined WCNMs in domestic industries, and target nanomaterials, such as silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, nano silver, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), were selected. We tested 48 samples, such as dust, sludge, ash, and by-products from manufacturing facilities and waste treatment facilities. We analyzed leaching and content concentrations for heavy metals and hazardous constituents of the waste. Chemical compositions were also measured by XRD and XRF, and the unique properties of nano-waste were identified by using a particle size distribution analyzer and TEM. The dust and sludge generated from manufacturing facilities and the use of nanomaterials showed higher concentrations of metals such as lead, arsenic, chromium, barium, and zinc. Oiled cloths from facilities using nano silver revealed high concentrations of copper, and the leaching concentrations of copper and lead in fly ash were higher than those in bottom ash. In XRF measurements at the facilities, we detected compounds such as silicon dioxide, sulfur trioxide, calcium oxide, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide. We found several chemicals such as calcium oxide and silicon dioxide in the bottom ash of waste incinerators.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2024

The integration and management of various national ecological assessments are essential for the benefit of the public. In the Republic of Korea, the Ecological and Natural Map (ENM) serves as a comprehensive platform that synthesizes the results of national ecosystem surveys into a unified system interface. To provide the current status and characteristics of our policy, we analyzed the ENMs and related appeals from 2014 to 2022. Following their implementation, the ENM Guidelines underwent nine revisions, with most of the revisions pertaining to appeals. Nine public announcements were made regarding the ENM, resulting in a gradual expansion of the conservation area. The data also showed a consistent increasing trend in appeals. Most of the 1st-grade areas in the ENM regions where appeals were filed have significantly decreased. The larger area or the smaller population density of an administrative distinct, the more appeals were filed. Our study presents information regarding the current status of the ENM system. The analysis of the operational direction and indicator trends across the 16-year period since the establishment of the system provides valuable insights for similar systems.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2006

Objectives : By comparing the correspondence of Three Eums and Yangs (三陰三陽) to calendr in ${\ulcorner}Somun\;Make'ae{\lrcorner}$ with twelve principal divinatory symbols, this paper intends to explain the exterior and interior of meridian system using the phenomena of the trigrams from Juyeok(卦). It also tries to relate the phenomena of the trigrams with the characteristics of the original Gi (本氣) of Three Em and Yangs tough the interpretation of Three Eums and Yangs assigned to twelve principal divinatory symbols. Methods : This paper compares the correspondence of Three Eums and Yangs to calendar in ${\ulcorner}Somun\;Make'ae{\lrcorner}$ with twelve principal divinatory symbols. By this, it traces the making of the exterior and interior relationship between Taeeum (太陰)-Yangmyeong (陽明), Soeum (少陰)-Taeyang (太陽), and Gworeum (厥陰)-Soyang (少陽) through the phenomena of trigrams assigned to Three Eums and Yangs. It also interprets Three Em and Yangs assigned to twelve principal divinatory symbols, using the original Gi of the six atmospheric influences(六氣). Results and Conclusions : Three Eums and Yangs in ${\ulcorner}Somun\;Make'ae{\lrcorner}$ signify the six meridians of the leg. Soeum (少陰) is assigned to October in ${\ulcorner}Somun\;Make'ae{\lrcorner}$ but it is more appropriate to assign it to July. If Soeum (少陰) is assigned to July, Three Eums and Yangs have phenoma of the trigrams with Em and Yang lines (陽爻) counter to each other, and can be explained as the exterior and interior relationship. lastly, in case of Three Eums and Yangs assigned to twelve principal divinatory symbols, the phenomena of the trigrams can be interpreted as the original Gi of Three Eums and Yangs.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제38권7호
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• pp.395-401
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• 2016

최근 나노물질의 산업 및 생활분야의 광범위한 사용으로 인한 나노안전성이 대두되고 있다. 특히 다양한 목적에 의해 가공된 나노물질의 잠재적 독성이 문제가 되고 있기 때문에, 지속가능한 나노물질 산업의 발전을 위해서는 적극적인 나노 안전성에 대한 연구가 진행되어야 한다. 현재까지 나노물질의 일반적 급성, 만성독성에 대한 연구는 비교적 활발하게 진행되고 있지만, 나노물질의 다세대 영향에 대한 연구는 시간적 및 실험적 제약으로 인해 미흡한 실정이다. 생태계 내 나노물질의 다세대 연구는 일반적 독성 종말점을 이용한 후세대 영향 연구와 나노물질의 세대 간 거동을 확인한 세대전이 연구로 나뉘어 진행되고 있다. 본 연구는 나노물질의 다세대 영향 및 전이연구 추세를 확인하고 제한점을 제시하여 앞으로의 연구방향을 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 나노물질에 대한 학술연구를 대상으로 문헌조사를 실시하였으며, 각 분야별 자료를 수집하고 비교분석하였다. 조사결과 후세대 영향을 확인한 연구는 총 13건 이었으며, 생존률, 생식률 그리고 운동성과 같은 지표를 이용하여 다음세대에 전달되는 영향을 확인하였다. 그리고, 7건의 세대전이 연구에서는 후세대로 전달된 나노물질을 다양한 이미징 기법을 통하여 확인하였다. 현재까지 나노물질이 후세대에 미치는 독성영향의 메커니즘은 밝혀진 바가 거의 없다. 본 연구에서는 나노물질의 다세대 연구추세를 분석하고, 후세대영향과 세대전이의 상호보완적 연구방향을 제시하였다.