• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.69-78
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• 2021

The development of smart healthcare wearables for health is accelerating. Among them, many wearable products using EMS electrical stimulation, which is one of the active research fields, have been released. However, the EMS wearable, which has been studied or released, is released in a comprehensive full-body suit that does not focus on muscle segmentation or a belt that covers the entire abdomen. Therefore, this study intends to use two breathing methods by applying an EMS pattern that subdivides specific muscles and attach a stretch sensor that can measure breathing to the abdominal pressure belt. The measurement method was conducted by inhaling and exhaling, and the subjects were 10 men in their 20s with healthy bodies. As a result of this study, the sensor's sensitivity was 5 and 3 mm, and the basic sensor in both thoracic and abdominal breathings and the EMS abdominal pressure belt showed improved respiration activation after applying electrical stimulation before and after application. It is concluded that, because of the two patterns produced based on the physical function, the difference in respiration activation effect and sensitivity between sensors could be confirmed with three sensors rather than not applying electrical stimulation suitable for the respiration method. Based on the results of this study, a follow-up study aims to develop breathing smart clothing that can be monitored in real time in clothing-type wearable products that incorporate EMS patterns and stretch sensors.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.444-449
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study is to observe the change in the thickness of abdominal muscles when electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is applied to the abdomen during rest and abdominal muscle exercise to investigate the effect of EMS applied to the abdomen on the superficial and deep muscles thickness. Design: Cross sectional design. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects participated in this study. Subjects were performed resting position, resting position with EMS, curl-up and curl-up with EMS. The electrode of the EMS belt is attached to the abdominal wall between the 12th rib and iliac crest. The thickness of abdominal muscles including rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transverse abdominis (TrA) were captured in each position by ultrasound image during expiration. All subjects were performed four positions randomly. Data were analyzed using repeated ANOVA with the level of significance set at 𝛼=0.05. Results: The muscle thickness of RA, EO, IO and TrA were significantly different at each position (p<0.05). The thickness of all abdominal muscles increased significantly when curl-up than curl-up with EMS. Both RA and EO thickness were significantly increased at resting position than resting position and EMS were combined(p<0.05). But IO and TrA thickness were decreased at resting position when EMS were combined. Conclusions: The results suggest that EMS activates superficial abdominal muscles RA and EO. Therefore, abdominal strengthening exercise combined EMS can activate abdominal muscles and can be applied to various patients and rehabilitation in clinical practice.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.113-126
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• 2024

Purpose: Education for children in South Korea is similar to that for adults, necessitating additional enhancements. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of fairy-tale books in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) education among kindergarten children. Methods: The study involved 64 kindergarten children enrolled in an affiliated kindergarten program were included. The participants were divided into an experimental group of 32 who received CPR education using picture books, and a control group of 32 who received education through traditional methods. Participant characteristics such as sex, age, height, weight, cardiac arrest awareness, and ability to request assistance were measured, and the collected data were statistically analyzed. Results: Following education, the experimental group showed significantly higher scores than the control group across all measures, including cardiac arrest recognition (2.25 vs. 0.34, p<.001) and consciousness assessment (1.81 vs. 0.09, p<.001). Additionally, in requesting assistance, the experimental group exhibited statistical superiority in phone usage (1.75 vs. 0.28, p<.001), situational explanation post-call (2.25 vs. 0.34, p<.001), and self-location explanation (0.84 vs. 0.00, p=.001). Conclusion: The use of fairy-tale books in CPR education enhanced cardiac arrest recognition and the ability to request assistance (EMS Activation) more effectively than the traditional educational methods among kindergarten children.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.270-278
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• 2017

The electrical muscle stimulator (EMS) based human machine interface (HMI) free to mechanical constraint and muscle fatigue problems are proposed for force feedback in a virtual reality. The device was designed to provide force feedback up to 4.8 N and 2.6 N each to the thumb and forefingers. The main objective of the HMI is to make unnecessary mechanical structures to attach on the hand or fingers. It employs custom EMSs and an interface arranged in the forearm. In this work, major muscle groups such as extensor pollicis brevis (EPB), extensor indicis proprius (EIP), flexor pollicis longus (FPL) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) are selected for efficient force feedback and controlled individually. For this, a human muscular-skeletal analysis was performed and verified. The validity of the proposed multi-channel EMS based HMI was evaluated thorough various experiments with ten human subjects, interacting with a virtual environment.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.53-66
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• 2012

Purpose : Emergency medical services in China are increase in demand by people and under the greater pressure than ever before. So it is, necessary to advance the pre-hospital system in order to promote the development of emergency medical services. Methods : This is based on China-related articles, books, journals, reports, statistical data and other literature. Results : First, pre-hospital emergency medical care with the introduction of specialist training program should be established. Second, to strengthen pre-hospital emergency services and to develop the EMS guidelines. Third, the "120" reporting systems unification and awareness activation. Fourth, the preparation of the EMS facilities equipment system. Fifth, the rapid transport system establishment to the selected medical institutions. Conclusion : It is necessary to strengthen the emergency medical personnel at the scene, rapid transport, rapid patient triage and to improve the survival rate of the patients.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the effects of five EMS lumbar back pressure belts produced on an anatomical basis on lumbar spine stabilization. Five core muscles were selected, including the urinal, vertebral column, endotracheal, external abdominal, and large back muscles, and patterns were designed using a conductive fabric considering the appropriate muscle shape and pain-causing points. We experimented with four motions to examine the effects of different EMS abdominal compression belts on lumbar spine stabilization. Five healthy men in their 20s were selected. The selection conditions include no back pain history for the past three months, no restricted movements through pre-inspection, and the muscular strength of the body should belong to the normal grade. Using SLR, the sequence of experimental actions was chosen from the following but not limited to left-hand, body-hand, and back-line forces. Resting between movements lasted for 2 min, and the experiments were conducted after wearing the EMS abdominal pressure belt. Electrical stimulation was applied for 10 min to increase blood flow and muscle activation. The statistics of the experimental results were analyzed for specific differences by conducting the Wilcoxon and Friedman tests with nonparametric tests. The ranking results of each pattern were successfully assessed in the order of 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 for the five patterns, and we could identify slightly more significant results for experimental behavior associated with each muscle movement. Patterns produced based on anatomy showed differentiated effects when electric stimulation was applied to each muscle in different shapes, which could improve the stabilization of the lumbar spine in everyday life or training to the public. Based on these results, subsequent research would focus on developing smart healthcare clothing that is practical in daily life by employing different anatomical mechanisms, depending on the back pain, to utilize trunk-type tights.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2005

To investigate the mutant induction of wild ginseng culture extract, we performed chromosomal aberration assay with chinese hamster lung cell in vitro. The test concentration of the extract was decided for the standard with the 50% suppression of cell propagation in the cell. The concentrations for the chromosome test were 1,250, 2,500 and 5,000 ㎍/ml with metabolic activation (+S, 6 hours treatment), 1,100, 2,200 and 4,400 ㎍/ml without metabolic activation (-S, 6 hours treatment) 800, 1,600 and 3,200 ㎍/ml without metabolic activation (-S, 24 hours treatment). No significant increase in chromosome aberrations was observed at any of these concentrations both in the absence and presence of metabolic activation system. Cyclophosphamide monohydrate (CPA) and ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) caused a significant increase in chromosome aberration. These results may be concluded that wild ginseng culture extract is not capable of inducing chromosome aberration in cultured chinese hamster lung cell regardless of metabolic activation and genotoxicity of that is negative under the present experimental condition.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.351-360
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• 2016

Rapid population growth with high living standards and high electronics use for personal comfort has raised the electricity demand exponentially. To fulfill this elevated demand, conventional energy sources are shifting towards low production cost and long term usable alternative energy sources. Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are becoming popular as stand-alone power systems for providing electricity in remote areas due to advancement in renewable energy technologies and subsequent rise in prices of petroleum products. Wind and solar power are considered feasible replacement to fossil fuels as the prediction of the fuel shortage in the near future, forced all operators involved in energy production to explore this new and clean source of power. Presented paper proposes fuzzy logic based Energy Management System (EMS) for Wind Turbine (WT), Photo Voltaic (PV) and Diesel Generator (DG) hybrid micro-grid configuration. Battery backup system is introduced for worst environmental conditions or high load demands. Dump load along with dump load controller is implemented for over voltage and over speed protection. Fuzzy logic based supervisory control system performs the power flow control between different scenarios such as battery charging, battery backup, dump load activation and DG backup in most intellectual way.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.474-478
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• 1999

Modulation of unscheduled DNA synthesis by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) after exposure to various chemical carcinogens was investigated in the primary rat hepatocytes. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was induced by treatment of such direct acting carcinogens as methly methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or procarcinogens including benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Unscheduled DNA synthesis was determined by measuring [methyl-3H]thymidine radioactivity incorporated into nuclear DNA of hepatocytes treated with carcinogens in the presence or absence of DHEA. Hydroxyurea $(5{\times}10^{-3} M)$was added to growth medium to selectively suppress normal replication. DHEA at concentrations ranging from $(1{\times}10^{-6} M)$ to$(5{\times}10^{-4} M)$ did not significantly inhibit unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by either MMS $(1{\times}10^{-4} M)$ or EMS $(1{\times}10^{-2} M)$. In contrast, DHEA-significantly inhibited unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by BaP $(6.5{\times}10^{-5} M)$ and DMBA.$(2{\times}10^{-5} M)$. DHEA-induced hepatotoxicity in rats was examined using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release as an indicator of cytotoxicity. DHEA exhibit no significant increase in LDH release compared with the control at 18 h. These data suggest that nontoxic concentration of DHEA does not affect the DNA excision repair process, but it probably influence the enzymatic system responsible for the metabolic activation of procarcinogens and thereby decreases the amount of the effective DNA adducts formed by the ultimate reactive carcinogenic species.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.68.1-68
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• 2003

When plants are infected by plant pathogens, typical disease symptom termed lesion, appears in compatible interaction. Whereas, in incompatible interactions, only small speck of lesions are visible on the leaf surfaces. Hypersensitive response (HR) of plant which is the result of infection by incompatible pathogens, is a well known defense response inducing rapid cell death resulting in complete resistance. However, some rice mutants show spontaneous disease symptoms during the growth stages without interaction with pathogens. We investigated the spontaneous cell death mutant called Blast Lesion Mimic(BLM) generated by EMS mutation, on the relationship with the hypersensitive response as well as resistant characteristics. Accumulation of phenolic compounds were detected around the lesions as lesions develop on leaf surface. Activation of PR gene was detected before the lesion appeared, and that result indicates the defense-related response are started earlier than lesion formation. The BLM mutant showed resistant response to inoculation of Magnaporthe grisea KJ201 with which the wild type Hwacheong is totally susceptible. Informations on the formation of spontaneous lesions and detail analysis of lesion mimic mutants and related genes are very limited to date. It is really important to understand the phenomenon of the defense-related lesion formation for developing resistant cultivar for rice blast pathogens