• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.89-103
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• 2009

The Philippines is abundant with rich natural resources such as water. Because of rapid urbanization in the country, most of the water bodies are polluted as a result of domestic, agricultural and industrial activities. The Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) is the main government arm responsible for monitoring and inspection of affected water bodies. Only water bodies with at least four sampling events during dry and wet seasons were included in the assessment of water bodies that passed the DAO 90-34 water quality criteria. Water bodies were monitored for dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS), heavy metals, fecal coliform contamination and nitrates. High pollutant concentrations from domestic, agricultural, industrial and nonpoint sources were observed from monitoring events due to inadequate sewage services and treatment facilities in the country. The objective of this paper was to present and evaluate the quality of the water bodies in the Philippines.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1044-1047
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• 1997

Pulmonary blastoma are a family of tumors in which the glands or mesenchyme composing the neoplasm are primitive or emb yonal in appearance. We report a pulmonary blastoma occurring in a 31 years old man. An abnormal shadow was detected in the right lower lung field in a routine chest X-ray film. The preoperative imaging films showed about a 5cm sized well circumscribed solid tumor of the right lung. A preoperative clinical diagnosis of primary lung cancer was considerd. The operative field showed that the hard, round mass, 6$\times$5$\times$4cm in diameter was localized in middle lobe of the right lung, and partially adhered to the upper lobe, pericardium and diaphragm. Right middle lobe lobectomy, right upper lobe wedge resection, partial pericardiectomy and diaphragm resection with plication was performed with radical Iymph node dissection. Histopathologic diagnosis was pulmonary blastoma (Biphasic blastoma). It is considered that the prognosis of biphasic blastoma is worse than WDFA(well differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma). There are no other available treatments except for surgical resection. It is suggeste that it is necessary to collect as many cases as possible, to make definite classifications and to examine the clinical course and prognosis of pulmonary blastoma.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.114-123
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• 2014

Objectives: Evidence-based medicine(EBM) advocates the use of up-to-date "best" scientific evidence from health care research as the basis for making medical decisions. EBM also has been applied to traditional Korean medicine(TKM), especially in the field of safety. Recently, the standard prescription for TKM by Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine was published based on toxic index from various toxicity tests. However, there are some limitations when the results from the study based on EBM are applied in clinics. To overcome these imitations, the term "evidence-based practical medicine" was developed and defined as clinically applicable results from the study based on EBM. And safety classification for TKM was suggested as an example of evidence-based practical medicine. Methods: For safety classification for TKM, the data for $LD_{50}$(50% lethal dose), which was transformed to theoretical $LD_1$(1% lethal dose), was analyzed as one of tools for EMB study and divided by maximum dose used in clinics. Results and Conclusions: As a result, human equivalent dose(HED)-based MOS(margin of safety) for korean traditional medicine was calculated and used for safety classification with 5 categories. These categories would be helpful for oriental medicine clinicians to decide the increase and decrease of dosage according to various factors such as patient's sensitivity, potential toxicity of herbal medicines, clinician's experience for better cure. Thus, this safety classification provides some evidences enough that evidence-based practical medicine should be not the same with EBM and defined differently from EBM.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1404-1415
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• 1992

To understand the factors influencing Atrial fibrillation and embolism in mitral valve surgery and prevent their risk, we have reviewed our 324 patients who underwent mitral valve surgery from Fev. 1982 to May 1992. Age, disease duration, lesion type, left ventricular function and left atrial dimension were chosen as preoperative factors influencing the incidence of atrial fibrillation and embolism and their postoperative course, The number and type of replaced valve, site of atriotmy, LA obliteration, ACT and use of Defibrillator were chaser. as operative factors influencing postoperative rhythm change and postop emb-olization. The results of analyses were as follows 1. The incidence of preoperative atrial fibrillation, systemic embolism and LA throbmus was 63. 6%, 10.56% and 19.8% relatively. 2. The preoperative factors of atrial fibrillation onset was old age, prolonged symptom duration, stenotic lesion, lager LAD and lower ejection fraction. In the preoperative systemic embolism preoperative factors were old age, female, stenotic lesion. The left atrial thrombus found more commonly in patients with atrial fibrillation, old age, prolonged symptom duration, stenotic lesion and low ejection fraction. 3. The preoperative atrial fibriation persisted postoperatively in 165[50.9%] and converted to normal sinus rhythm in 50[15.4%]. The preoperative normal sinus rhythm per-eisted in 100[31%] and atrial fibrillation was occured postoperatively in 9[2.7%]. The prolonged symptom duration was the preoperative factor of persist atrial fibrillation. 4. Among 95 long term follow-up patients, atiral fibrillation was continued in 59[60%]. Conversion to normal sinus rhythm was more common significantly in left atriotomy and bileaflet valve replacement. 5. There were 12 patients who had postoperative embolism. Female, persist atrial fibrillation, no LA olbiteration and tilting disc monocusp valve were considered as possible factors influencing postoperative embolism but was impossible to analyse their statistical significance due to small sample size. So we have concluded that the patients with above risk factors need anticoagulant and early surgical intervention. Left atriotomy with minimal atrial injury, left auricular obliteration and bileaflet valve replacement may be needed to reduce postoperative atrial fibrillation persist and embolism.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 1997

Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, Lactobacillus casei YIT 9018, Bifidobacterium longum 8001, and Bifidobacterium longum 8025 at the level of 106 cfu/$m\ell$ were cultured with 104 cfu/$m\ell$ of Escherichia coli O157:H7 KSC 109 or Salmonella typhimurium ATCC14028, in order to verify the effects of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria on the growth of the pathogens. In the mixed culture of lactic acid bacteria with E. coli O157:H7 KSC 109, Growth inhibition and atypical microcolonies of E. coli O157:H7 KSC 109 were observed. The pathogens inoculated grew for 5 hors (pH 5.3), by the time L. acidophilus NCFM reached the exponential growth phase, and then the surviving pathogens were decreased to 101 cfu/$m\ell$ after 35 hours. When L. caseiYIT 9018 was grown with the pathogens, they grew for 10 hours (pH 4.6), by the time L. casei YIT 9018 reached the end of exponential growth phase, and then the surviving pathogens were decreased drastically. Up to the stationary growth phase of lactic acid bacteria, L. acidophilus NCFM exhibited stronger inhibition against the pathogens than L. casei YIT 9018 did, which might be attributed to its faster growth. Likewise bifidobacteria inhibited the growth of the pathogens tested, bifidobaceria was weaker in the inhibitory activity than lactic acid bacteria. When Bifidobacterium longum 8001 was cultured with the pathogens, E. coli O157:H7 KSC 109 was gradually ingibited at the stationary growth phase of bifidobacteria, atypical microcolonies were formed on Levine EMB medium after 48 hours, and Salmonella grew up to 106 dfu/$m\ell$, then was drastically ingibited at the exponential growth phage of Bifidobacterium longum 8001. But when Bifidobacteriuam longum 8025 was cultured with the pathogens, the pathogens grew to the same level of Bifidobacteriuam longum 8025 was cultured with the pathogens, the pathogens grew to the same lever of Bifidobacteriuam longum 8025 after 10 hours, then the surviving pathogens were decreased drastically.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 1998

Polyethylene films contained 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of raw-ore powder(PERO) were prepared. The characteristics feature of the film and the powder were investigated in order to use packaging material for kimchi quality. Kimchi was packaged in the PERO bass md stored at 10$^{\circ}C$. The kimchi was examined for a pH, acidity, number of total microbe and lactic acid bacteria, E. coli, color values and sensory evaluation. The ore powder at 20$^{\circ}C$ produced infrared rays at 800-1100nm. The growth of E. coli md Staphylococcus aureus was extremely inhibited in the EMB and nutrient broth containing 10% of raw-ore powder but, that of lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteriodes was slightly promoted in MRS broth containing 1%. The ripening by pH and acidity was slightly accelerated in kimchi in PERO bag(PERO-kimchi) compared to control kimchi but the maintenance of ripened-kimchi taste was prolonged in PERO-kimchi. The number of lactic acid bacteria of PERO-kimchi was more numerous than that of contol sample but that of E. coli wag exremely legs. The color L* values of PERO-kimchi was lower than control but a* and b* values were higher. Sensory evaluation of PERO-kimchi was higher score than control sample in crispness and overall taste about 10 to 20% of raw-ore contents for kimchi-packaging material was desirable.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.191-193
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• 2008

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease characterized by single or multiple ulcerations. Secondary bacterial infections are one of the complications that can increase the tissue destruction and the resulting scar. To better determine the incidence of real secondary bacterial infections in CL, we designed the current study. This was a cross-sectional study performed in Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Isfahan, Iran. A total of 1,255 patients with confirmed CL enrolled in the study. Sterile swaps were achieved for ulcer exudates and scraping was used for non-ulcerated lesions. All samples were transferred to tryptic soy broth medium. After 24 hr of incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ they were transferred to eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) and blood agar. Laboratory tests were used to determine the species of bacteria. Among 1,255 confirmed CL patients, 274 (21.8%) had positive cultures for secondary bacterial infections. The bacteria isolated from the lesions were Staphylococcus aureus in 190 cases (69.3%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus in 63 cases (23.0%), E. coli in 10 cases (3.6%), Proteus sp. in 6 cases (2.2%), and Klebsiella sp. in 5 cases (1.9%). The results show that the overall incidence of secondary bacterial infections in the lesions of CL was 21.8%, considerably high. The incidence of secondary bacterial infections was significantly higher in ulcerated lesions compared with non-ulcerated lesions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.575-581
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• 2022

A Gram-stain-negative, white-coloured, and rod-shaped bacterium, strain DR4-4^T, was isolated from Daechung Reservoir, Republic of Korea, during Microcystis bloom. Strain DR4-4^T was most closely related to Caenimonas terrae SGM1-15^T and Caenimonas koreensis EMB320^T with 98.1% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain DR4-4^T and closely related type strains were below 79.46% and 22.30%, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was 67.5%. The major cellular fatty acids (≥10% of the total) were identified as C_16:0, cyclo C_17:0, summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c), and summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c). Strain DR4-4^T possessed phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol as the main polar lipids and Q-8 as the respiratory quinone. The polyamine profile was composed of putrescine, cadaverine, and spermidine. The results of polyphasic characterization indicated that the isolated strain DR4-4^T represents a novel species within the genus Caenimonas, for which the name Caenimonas aquaedulcis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DR4-4^T (=KCTC 82470^T =JCM 34453^T).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2002

Background : The detection and early elimination of the causes for acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) at the initial stage can result in a more favorable prognosis. Miliary tuberculosis as a cause of the ARDS is quite rare. A diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis is difficult due to the diversity of radiological patterns and non-specific clinical finfings, and low sensitivity of sputum examinations for acid-fast bacilli(AFBs). An analysis of the clinical data is the first step in diagnosing these unusual, rare cases. Materials and Methods : In this study the clinical features, laboratory data, radiological findings and diagnostic methods were analyzed in 9 cases with an initial presentation of ARDS due to miliary tuberculosis. The ARDS was defined by the definition of the American-Europian consensus conference 1992. Results : The mean age of the patients was $67{\pm}18$ years (F:M=7:2). The chief complaints were dyspnea(5/9), coughing (3/9) and fever(5/9). On a physical examination, fine or coarse crackles were noted(6/9). The ARDS developed on average 6.7 days after the initial respiratory symptoms. The mean $PaO_2/FiO_2$ of the patients was $133.5{\pm}53.4$, the number of cases with a WBC<5000/$mm^3$ was 4 out of 9 cases. A platelet count<70,000/$mm^3$ was observed in 2 out of 9 cases, and the serum albumin level was $2.6{\pm}0.6$ g/dL. The initial simple chest PA showed ground glass appearances and consolidation in all cases, However, the miliary nodular densities were observed in only 4 out of the 9 cases. HRCT revealed alveolar densities and a consolidation in 5 out of 6 cases, and miliary nodules in 5 out of 6 cases, The diagnosis of tuberculosis was made by a liver biopsy (4/4, 100% sensitivity), a bone marrow biopsy (1/2, 50% sensitivity), and an open lung biopsy (1/1), the sputum AFB was positive in only 2 out of 9 cases. The patient was treated with INH, RFP, EMB, PZA, and steroids. The survival rate was 55.5%. Conclusion : Miliary tuberculosis should be considered as one of the causes for ARDS in areas where there is a high prevalence of tuberculosis. The chief complaints of the patients on admission are dyspnea, fever and coughing without any specific riskfactors. A liver biopsy is particularly useful in ARDS patients with mechanical ventilation to determine the causes of the ARDS if miliary tuberculosis is suspected as being the underlying disease.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 1996

Objectives: Although outbreak of MDR Tb has been a recent problem in western countries, it has been a longstanding problem in Korea. The poor outcome of MDR Tb is mainly due to poor compliance, high rate of side reaction of secondary drugs, and limitation in number of available drugs. Thus, to improve the outcome of MDR Tb, it is crucial to make individualized adequate prescription based on the knowledge of the patterns of resistance to each drugs in the community as well as the natural history. The purpose of present study is to evaluate the clinical features of Korean MDR Tb patients including patterns of drug resistance and success rate of treatment which was prescribed according to the sensitivity tests. Methods: Retroscpective analysis of 71 Korean patients with MDR Tb was made. All strains isolated from patients showed resistence to at least two first line drugs. Patients profile, previous treatment history, patterns of drug resistance, outcome of treatment was analysed. Initial treatment regimen was selected according to the previous treatment history and was modified according to the sensitivity reports. The regimen was composed to include at least 4 sensitive drugs when possible. Results: The patients showed resistance to 4.1 drugs on average. 90% of them were resistant to INH and RFP. Among 71 patients, 35 patients(49%) had cavitary lesions in CXR. Treatment outcome was analysed in 55 patients. 35 patients(67%) were improved after treatment and 18 patients(33%) showed treatment failure. 5 patients showed primary resistance. Treatment outcome could be evaluated in 4 of them and all showed improvement after treatment. 14 patients(20%) had to change their regimens due to drug side effects. The most frequent side effect was elevation of liver enzymes(6 patients). Others included dizziness, hyperuricemia, tinnitus, skin rash, GI troubles. More than 50% of side effects developed within 3 months. In repeated drug sensitivity test, the concordance rate of resistance to INH was 100% and RFP 98%. EMB, PZA showed 80% concordance rate. But in the other drugs, the concordances were less than 50%. Operation was done in 5 patient - 1 patients as a adjunctive means of chemotherapy -. In that case, negative conversion of sputum AFB was done. Conclusion: 2/3 patients of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis were improved by appropriate prescription and regular medication suggesting that more aggressive management and monitoring is indicated in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.