• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-50
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• 2014

The ubiquitous accessibility of information through mobile devices has led to an increased mobility of workers from their fixed workplaces. Market researchers estimate that by 2016, 350 million workers will be using their smartphones for business purposes, and the use of smartphones will offer new business benefits. Enterprises are now adopting mobile technologies for numerous applications to increase their operational efficiency, improve their responsiveness and competitiveness, and cultivate their innovativeness. For these reasons, various organizational aspects concerning "mobile work" have received a great deal of recent attention. Moreover, many CIOs plan to allocate a considerable amount of their budgets mobile work environments. In particular, with the consumerization of information technology, enterprise mobile applications (EMA) have played a significant role in the explosive growth of mobile computing in the workplace, and even in improving sales for firms in this field. EMA can be defined as mobile technologies and role-based applications, as companies design them for specific roles and functions in organizations. Technically, EMA can be defined as business enterprise systems, including critical business functions that enable users to access enterprise systems via wireless mobile devices, such as smartphones or tablets. Specifically, EMA enables employees to have greater access to real-time information, and provides them with simple features and functionalities that are easy for them to complete specific tasks. While the impact of EMA on organizational workers' productivity has been given considerable attention in various literatures, relatively little research effort has been made to examine how EMA actually lead to users' job performance. In particular, we have a limited understanding of what the key antecedents are of such an EMA usage outcome. In this paper, we focus on employees' perceived job performance as the outcome of EMA use, which indicates the successful role of EMA with regard to employees' tasks. Thus, to develop a deeper understanding of the relationship among EMA, its environment, and employees' perceived job performance, we develop a comprehensive model that considers the perceived-fit between EMA and employees' tasks, satisfaction on EMA, and the organizational environment. With this model, we try to examine EMA to explain how job performance through EMA is revealed from both the task-technology fit for EMA and satisfaction on EMA, while also considering the antecedent factors for these constructs. The objectives of this study are to address the following research questions: (1) How can employees successfully manage EMA in order to enhance their perceived job performance? (2) What internal and/or external factors are important antecedents in increasing EMA users' satisfaction on MES and task-technology fit for EMA? (3) What are the impacts of organizational (e.g. organizational agility), and task-related antecedents (e.g., task mobility) on task-technology fit for EMA? (4) What are the impacts of internal (e.g., self-efficacy) and external antecedents (e.g., system reputation) for the habitual use of EMA? Based on a survey from 254 actual employees who use EMA in their workplace across industries, our results indicate that task-technology fit for EMA and satisfaction on EMA are positively associated with job performance. We also identify task mobility, organizational agility, and system accessibility that are found to be positively associated with task-technology fit for EMA. Further, we find that external factor, such as the reputation of EMA, and internal factor, such as self-efficacy for EMA that are found to be positively associated with the satisfaction of EMA. The present findings enable researchers and practitioners to understand the role of EMA, which facilitates organizational workers' efficient work processes, as well as the importance of task-technology fit for EMA. Our model provides a new set of antecedents and consequence variables for a TAM involving mobile applications. The research model also provides empirical evidence that EMA are important mobile services that positively influence individuals' performance. Our findings suggest that perceived organizational agility and task mobility do have a significant influence on task-technology fit for EMA usage through positive beliefs about EMA, that self-efficacy and system reputation can also influence individuals' satisfaction on EMA, and that these factors are important contingent factors for the impact of system satisfaction and perceived job performance. Our findings can help managers gauge the impact of EMA in terms of its contribution to job performance. Our results provide an explanation as to why many firms have recently adopted EMA for efficient business processes and productivity support. Our findings additionally suggest that the cognitive fit between task and technology can be an important requirement for the productivity support of EMA. Further, our study findings can help managers in formulating their strategies and building organizational culture that can affect employees perceived job performance. Managers, thus, can tailor their dependence on EMA as high or low, depending on their task's characteristics, to maximize the job performance in the workplace. Overall, this study strengthens our knowledge regarding the impact of mobile applications in organizational contexts, technology acceptance and the role of task characteristics. To conclude, we hope that our research inspires future studies exploring digital productivity in the workplace and/or taking the role of EMA into account for employee job performance.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2009

The present study was performed to investigate the binding affinity of the ethanol extract from the leaves of Morus alba (EMA) and some EMA related plant materials (EMA-D, EMA-DM) for melanin-concentrating hormone-1 receptor (MCH-1) and also to examine the antagonistic effect of them for the recombinant MCH-1 receptor expressed in CHO cells. EMA, dichloromethane fraction (EMA-D) and EMA-DM exhibited high affinity for mammalian MCH receptor in receptor binding assays ($IC_{50}$ value: 2.3, 1.6 and $1.0{\mu}g/ml$, respectively). Other plant materials (MMA-D, MMA-DM) obtained from methanol extracts from the leaves of Morus alba (MMA) also exhibited high affinity for mammalian MCH receptor, even though the $IC_{50}$ values of them were lower than those of EMA-D and EMA-DM. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing human MCH-1, EMA-DM and EMA-D significantly inhibited MCH-induced intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ increase ($IC_{50}$ values: 16.5 and $22.7{\mu}g/ml$, respectively). These results clearly indicate that the ethanol extract from the leaves of Morus alba (EMA) and some EMA related plant materials (EMA-D, EMA-DM) are novel selective MCH-1 receptor antagonist, respectively.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2013

Multi core-shell composite particles were prepared by the water-born emulsion polymerization of various core monomers such as methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and shell monomers such as MMA, EMA, 2-hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) in the presence of different concentrations of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). The following conclusions are drawn from the conversion, particle size and distribution, average molecular weight, molecular structure, glass transition temperature with DSC, contact angle after plasma treatment, tensile strength and isothermal decomposition kinetics. In the case of the concentration of 0.02 wt% SDBS, the conversion of MMA core-(EMA/GMA) shell composite particles was excellent as 98.5%. In the case of the concentration of 0.03 wt% SDBS, the particle size of EMA core-(MMA/GMA) shell composite particles was high as $0.48{\mu}m$. We confirmed that 3 points of glass transition temperatures appear for multi core-shell composite particles compared to 1~2 points of glass transition temperatures appear for general copolymer particles. Overall, the adhesion strength of shell composite particles was in the order of EMA/MAA > EMA/2-HEMA > EMA/GMA.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.209-213
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• 2008

재현기간이 수백년 이상인 이상홍수의 초과확률을 추정하기 위해서는 재현기간 이상의 홍수자료를 이용해 내삽(interpolation)을 해야 하지만 현재 우리나라의 체계적(systematic) 관측자료 기간은 이에 훨씬 미치지 못한다. 따라서, 역사 자료(historical data)를 이용해 자료 길이를 확장하는 방법, 홍수자료에 비해 비교적긴 강우자료와 유출 모형에 의한 합성자료를 이용하는 방법 등이 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 역사 자료와 체계적 관측자료를 효율적으로 결합할 수 있는 EMA(Expected Moment Algorithm) 기법을 연구하였다. EMA는 Cohn 등(1997)에 의해 제안된 방법으로 미국의 공식 분포인 LP3(Log-Pearson type 3) 분포를 대상으로 반복 계산을 통해 매개변수를 추정하는 기법으로서 본 연구에서는 LP3 분포 대신에 최근 국내 홍수빈도해석 시 많이 쓰이고 있는 GEV(Generalized Extreme Value) 분포를 대상으로 EMA 절차를 이론적으로 유도하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 2009

It is very important to differentiate of DNA derived from live or dead bacteria within mixed microbial communities in aquatic environments. Ethidium monoazide (EMA) is a DNA intercalating agent and the treatment of EMA with strong visible light cleaves the genomic DNA of bacteria. In dead bacterial cells, EMA intercalates into the genomic DNA, induces the cleavage of DNA, and inhibits the PCR amplification. In this study, we developed the EMA-PCR and EMA real-time PCR to detect the DNA derived from viable Escherichia coli (E.coli) in mixed cultures of live and dead E.coli. The treatment of EMA, $50{\mu}g/mL$, and 650 W visible halogen light exposure for 2 minutes cleaved the genomic DNA derived from heat killed E.coli but did not those of live E.coli. EMA-PCR could detect the DNA from live E.coli in mixed culture samples of live and dead E.coli at various ratio and there was no DNA amplification in only dead E.coli cultures. Similar results were observed in EMA real-time PCR. Further studies are needed to develop various EMA-PCR methods to detect viable waterborne pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori, Giardia lamblia, and so on.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2018

Edwardsiella tarda predominantly causes edwardsiellosis in fish at high temperature, but is rarely isolated from water when water temperature is low. However, E. tarda is viable but nonculturable (VBNC) in low water temperature, but it can be revived when water temperature rises and cause disease to fish. Therefore, in order to prevent disease, it is very important to identify pathogens that are in the VBNC state in environmental water. In this study, E. tarda cells in the VBNC state were detected by the ethidium monoazide (EMA)-PCR method using the low-temperature oligotrophic sea water microcosm obtained by inoculation of E. tarda at a concentration of $10^8CFU/ml$. In order to distinguish between live and dead bacteria in E. tarda, each sample was treated with EMA at different concentrations, photoactivated with a 500 W halogen lamp, and PCR was performed with E. tarda specific primer. At the concentration of $10^7CFU/ml$ bacterium, DNA amplification was observed only in the live cells when treated with $60{\mu}g/ml$ of EMA, and smaller amounts of live cells could be distinguished from dead cells by adjusting the EMA concentration. In addition, the VBNC cells of E. tarda in the oligotrophic low temperature seawater microcosm were estimated to be in the range of $10^4{\sim}10^5CFU/ml$ by EMA-PCR. Therefore, it is possible to detect VBNC cells that will act as potential pathogens in environmental water using EMA-PCR method, and quantitative confirmation using concentration change is also possible.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.941-949
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate the factors which impact the possibility of Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) implementation in automobile companies in Vietnam. A survey was carried out with automobile enterprises' managers, getting 198 usable respondents, with data and theoretical model analyzed by using SPSS with EFA method. Results indicated that in Vietnamese automobile enterprises, the possibility of EMA implementation was driven by elements including motivation to reduce production costs, reactions to environmental issues, compliance to legislation, procedures and processes in the working environment which they are in business. The government and professional institutions should play a vital role in promoting EMA practices by issuing specific guidelines and continuous training. Besides, tax authorities should apply the favor policies such as tax incentives to stimulate interest enterprises to implement EMA. However, this study's results only reflect about 63.7% of the impact to the implementation of EMA in Vietnamese automotive enterprises, so there are still some other factors that should be found out in the future researches. This is the first attempt to systematically analyze enterprises' perception and willingness to apply EMA in Vietnamese automobile industry. This study contributes to not only the existing empirical literature of EMA but also enterprises' managers in Vietnam and other transitional economies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.5037-5041
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• 2015

Background: An hCG regression curve has been used to predict the natural history and response to chemotherapy in gestational trophoblastic disease. We constructed hCG regression curves in high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) treated with EMA/CO and identified an optimal hCG level to detect EMA/CO resistance in GTN. Materials and Methods: Eighty-one women with GTN treated with EMA/CO were classified as primary high-risk GTN (n = 65) and single agent-resistance GTN (n = 16). The hCG levels prior to each course of chemotherapy were plotted in the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles to construct the hCG regression curves. Diagnostic performance was evaluated for an optimal cut-off value. Results: The median hCG levels were 264,482 mIU/mL mIU/mL and 495.5 mIU/mL mIU/mL for primary high-risk GTN and single agent-resistance GTN, respectively. The 50th percentile of the hCG level in primary high-risk GTN and single agent-resistance turned to normal before the 4th and the 2nd course of chemotherapy, respectively. The 90th percentile of the hCG level in primary high-risk GTN and single agent-resistance turned to normal before the 9th and the 2nd course of chemotherapy, respectively. The hCG level of ${\geq}118.6mIU/mL$ mIU/mL at the 5thcourse of EMA/CO predicted the EMA/CO resistance in primary high-risk GTN patients with a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusion: EMA/CO resistance in primary high-risk GTN can be predicted by using an hCG regression curve in combination with the cut-off value of 118.6 mIU/mL at the 5thcourse of chemotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.571-576
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• 1999

This paper describes both electromagnetic properties and electromagnetic-wave absorbind (EMA) characteristics of the radar absorbing coating materials in the microwave frequencies. The coating materials are prepared by mixing ferrite powder with epoxy resin polymers. The electromagnetic property and the EMA characteristics of the coating materials are measured in the frequency ranges between 0.2 GHz and 15GHz using the S-parameter method. The results show that the typical coating material has ({{{{ {μ }`_{r } ^{' } }} of about 2 and ({{{{ { ε}`_{r } ^{' } }} of about 4. And the coating materials have a little EMA characteristics in the frequency from 4 to 6 GHz and more improved EMA characteristics around 12 GHz And it is desirable for improvement of the EMA characteristics of the coating materials to properly select electromagnetic properties of constitutional materials inthe interesting frequency ranges.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.35
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• pp.31-34
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to investigate the mechanical properties (diametral tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength, Vickers hardness) of 4 kinds of composit resins; Bis-GMA based composit, Bis-EMA based composit, Bis-GMA/UDMA based composit, and Bis-EMA/UDMA based composit, The composit resin based Bis-GMA showed stronger mechanical properties than Bis-EMA. It was found that the addition of UDMA to both Bis-GMA based composit and Bis-EMA based composit highly improved mechanical properties. However, the mechanical properties of the composit resins prepared in this study were lower than those of the commercialized products in market(Charmfil flow(Denkist), Quadrant flow(CAVEX)), since the composit resins prepared in this study has much lower inorganic filler content of 43wt% comparing with 50~70wt% inorganic filler content of the commercialized products.