• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.65-80
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• 2008

Objective : In recent years, many investigators have questioned whether the analgesic effect of acupuncture is simply related to the stress-induced analgesia (SIA). However, there has been lack of studies on this issue. In this study, the stress levels induced by manual acupunctures are compared with the stress in animal experiment models. The experiments have been carried out with Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Method : For stress level evaluation, Hot plate test has been used. Maximum Possible Effect (MPE) has been measured by checking the pre-test time and post-test time. Cortisol and corticosterone concentrations in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results : In the hot plate test, MPE values of post-test time were significantly decreased after 10 minutes than after 5 minutes. Therefore, optimal time interval was chosen as 10 minutes. There was significant difference of MPE values between Suspension group and all other treatment groups. However, there were no significant differences of MPE values between Sham group and all other treatment groups. However, MPE values showed tendency to decrease when acupuncture needle diameter increased. MPE values of ST040, ST040(lido), NAP040(lido) groups were markedly decreased than that of Suspension group, while that of NAP040 group was substantially increased than that of Sham group increased in acupoint and nonacupoint models. Serum cortisol concentrations of treatment groups were not significantly different from that of Suspension and Sham groups. Serum corticosterone concentration of 0.25 mm group was substantially increased than that of compared with Sham group. Serum cortisol and corticosterone concentrations of treatment groups were not significantly different from those of Suspension and Sham groups in acupoint and nonacupoint models. Conclusion : From hot plate test and serum stress hormones concentrations, it is found that manual acupuncture treatment induces negligible stress or SIA on ST36. And the stress induced by manual acupuncture is more closely related to acupuncture point needlings than diameters of acupuncture needles.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.144-154
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• 1994

Final goal of periodontal treatment is to reconstruct the destructed periodontal tissue as well as to remove the necrotic pathologic elements. The purpose of this study is to investigate on the effect of Zizyphi extract to the inhibitory ability on collagenolytic activity of P gingivalis, biologic activity of gingival fibroblasts, and on the collagen and protein synthesis of gingival fibroblasts. Gingival fibroblast from giniva of first bicuspids from patient for orthodontic treatment were used and cultured. For the measurement of inhibitory ability of collagenolytic activity, crude enzyme was extracted and used on the basis of modified Ono's method. On the inhibition of collagenolytic enzyme from herbal extracts, collagenokit CLN-100 were used. The cellular activity of gingival fibroblast, were studied using MTT solution and measured optical density on 570mm by ELISA reader. To measure the effects on the ability of whole protein and collagen synthesis, cell membrane was destructed with ultrasonic grinder after culturing, centrifuged and counted by liquid scintilation counter. The inhibitory effects on producing of $IL-l{\beta}$ by monocyte, after promotion of producing $IL-l{\beta}$ by LPS, were compared with the mixture of herbal extracts and other drugs using thymocyte stimulation assay. About inhibitory effects of $PGF_2$. by gingival fibroblasts, herbal extract was compared with the addition of the other control groups using enzyme imunoassay. On the inhibition of collagenolytic activity by P. gingivalis, benzene extracts showed the most efficient inhibitory effects among the $19{\mu}g/ml$ of the compared extracts and 40.5% by Tetracycline. On the cellular activity promoting effects, compared extracts showed a bit of more effects than PDGF of $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration and IGF of $20{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. All of the PDGF, IGF, Zizyphi Fructus extract should increase in collagen synthesis, but especially 70% ethylalcohol extracts of Zizyphi Fructus showed comparably high effects among the compared extracts. Effects on whole protein synthesis were slightly increased on every extract but especially 70% ethylalcohol extract showed significantly effective than any other estract. On the inhibitory effects of Zizyphi Fructus $IL-l{\beta}$ production by monocyte, compared extracts showed 70% of highly inhibitory effect than that of 60% inhibition effects on controlled group and each extracts showed no significant difference. In $PGF_2$ production inhibitroy effect of Zizyphi Fructus gingival fibroblasts, Herbal extracts showed 70% of inhibition comparing with tat of 90.2% of controlled group, but each extracts showed similar effects excluding the $H_2O$ extracts. These results suggested that Zizyphi Fructus might be useful medicine for inhibition of inflammatory mediator including $IL-l{\beta}$ and $PGF_2$.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.165-177
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to perform on the biological activity of Magnolia and Zizyphi fructus extract mixtures on the wound healing of defected rat calvaria. For the determination of the mixture ratio of two extracts for oral administration, preliminary experiments were performed with the mixture combination of 2000 and $3000{\mu}g/ml$ of Magnolia extract, and also 20, 30, 200, 300, 2000 and $3000{\mu}g/ml$ of Zizyphi fructus extract, respectively and divided into 6 groups. The combination of extracts mixture were tested on the enhancing effect of cellular activity. The effect of the extracts mixture on the cellular activity was evaluated using MTT method and measured on the results with optical density by ELISA reader. The ability to tissue regeneration of the extracts mixture was performed by measuring new bone and new connective tissue regeneration on the 5mm defected rat calvaria for 1, 2 and 3 weeks after oral administration of 2 different dosages groups : 10:1(0.1g/kg) and 10:1(0.5g/kg). It was employed the same dosages of unsaponifiable fraction of Zea Mays L as positive controls. Each group of rat was sacrificed and en bloc section for histological examination. The effect on the cellular activity of each mixture ratio showed significantly higher in $2000{\mu}g/ml$ of Magnolia extract and $200{\mu}g/ml$ of Zizyphi fructus extract group to compare with other groups. These preliminary results showed that appropriate mixture ratio of two extracts was 10:1 of Magnolia and Zizyphi fructus extract. Histological examination on the activity of tissue regeneration of each group showed that 2weeks and 3weeks specimens of 0.5g/kg of 10:1 extract mixture of Magnolia and Ziziphi fructus administrated rat calvaria revealed significantly more osteoid and new bone formation of defected calvaria with unification of defected area than the specimens of any other negative and positive controls. Even though the specimen administrated the same dosages of unsaponifiable fraction of Zea Mays L, positive controls, showed the trend that they promote significantly the repair of calvarial defect, their bone reparative activities were less inductive than the same dosages of Magnolia and Ziziphi fructus extract mixture. These results implicated that the mixture of Magnolia and Zizyphi fructus extracts should be highly effective on the wound healing of bony defected site and might have potential possibilities as an useful drug to promote periodontal tissue regeneration.

• Computational Structural Engineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 1989

An analytical study was conducted using the Galerkin technique to determine behaviour of thin fibrereinforced and laminated composite pipes under soil pressure. Geometric nonlinearity and material linearity have been assumed. It is assumed that vertical and lateral soil pressure are proportional to the depth and lateral displacement of the pipe respectively. It is also assumed that radial shear stress is negligible because the ratio of thickness to the radius of pipe is very small. The above results are verified by the finite element analysis.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Objective : Soybeans of Canavalia gladiata(CG) and root of Arctium lappa(AL) have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effect. However, the immunoregulatory mechanisms of its combinational prescription remain a matter of considerable debate. In the current study, we investigated whether CG and AL and its combinational prescription(CG+AL) regulate immune system using chronic immobilization-stress mouse model. Methods : C57BL/6J mice fixed for 2 hours into immobilization tube after CG, AL, CG+AL oral administration after 2 hours daily for 21 days. After every experiment has ended the C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed on 22 days. The production of Serotonin and Cortisol, lgA were observed by ELISA method, The proportion of immune cells such as T/B cell and macrophage, NK cell were measured by FACS. Then, Real-time PCR was performed to measure the mRNA expression of Inflammatory cytokines(IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-a) and T cell activation cytokines(IL-2, IL-10, IFN-gamma, IL-12p35 / p40). Result : When chronic immobilization-stress mouse model were treated with CG+AL(1:4), the expression of mRNA were significantly decreased at the Inflammatory cytokines(IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-a). While, the levels of mRNA were significantly increased at immune T cell activation cytokines. Additionally, CG+AL(1:4) combinational prescription group enhanced immune cells such as T/B cell and macrophage, NK cell. Furthermore, the Immuno-fluorescence result of brain tissue can confirm that CG+AL(1:4) group significantly increased the BDNF expression. Conclusion : These result suggest that CG+AL(1:4) combinational prescription has Immune System enhancement via stress-mediated immunocyte.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.39-46
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Schizonepeta Spica water extract (SS) on the OVA-induced BLAB/c mice allergic rhinitis model.Methods : Thirty two BALB/c mice were equally assigned to 4 groups; the sham group, the control group, the cetirizine hydrochloride (Cet) treatment group, and the SS treatment group. Sham group was sensitized and challenged with saline, and the other groups were sensitized and challenged with OVA. The dosage of SS was 7.6 mg /kg·day, and Cet was 10 mg/kg·day. Nasal rubbing and sneezing were measured by the behavior observation. The concentrations of IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α and MIP-2 in the sera of allergic rhinitis model were measured by mouse cytokine/chemokine magnetic bead panel kits. Total IgE and OVA-specific IgE were measured by ELISA method. Epithelial thickness and eosinophil infiltration of nasal septum was investigated by histological examination.Results : The clinical symptoms that increased in control group were significantly reduced in SS-treated group. Serum total IgE and OVA-specific IgE in the SS-treated group were significantly reduced compared to the control group. The concentration of IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α and MIP-2 in SS-treated group showed a significant reduction compared to the control group. The infiltration of eosinophil into nasal tissues of SS-treated group decreased markedly compared to control group, and thickness of nasal septum in nasal mucosa showed a significant reduction compared to control group.Conclusions : According to the above result, it is suggested that SS may inhibit the early and late phase of allergic rhinitis reaction.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.77-81
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• 2007

Diagnostic performance of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting Dirofilaria immitis in dogs was evaluated when no gold standard test was employed. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test kit (SnapTM, IDEXX, USA) with unknown parameters was also employed. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR from two-population model were estimated by using both maximum likelihood using expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and Bayesian method, assuming conditional independence between the two tests. A total of 266 samples, 133 samples in each trial, were randomly retrieved from the heartworm database records during the year 2002-2004 in a university animal hospital. These data originated from the test results of military dogs which were brought for routine medical check-up or testing for heartworm infection. When combined 2 trials, sensitivity and specificity of the PCR was 96.4-96.7% and 97.6-98.8% in EM and 94.4-94.8% and 97.1-98% in Bayesian. There were no statistical differences between estimates. This finding indicates that the PCR assay could be useful screening tool for detecting heartworm antigen in dogs. This study was provided further evidences that Bayesian approach is an alternative approach to draw better inference about the performance of a new diagnostic test in case when either gold test is not available.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2017

We introduced disposable amperometric immunosensors for the detection of Sildenafil and Vardenafil (SDF/VDF) based on screen printed carbon electrodes. The developed immunosensors were used as a non-competitive sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay with a horseradish peroxidase label. The sensors were constructed on screen printed carbon electrodes by the simple electrochemical deposition of a reduced graphene oxide and chitosan (ErGO-CS) composite. To evaluate the sensing chemistry and optimize the sensor characteristics, a series of electrochemical experiments were carried out including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. The sensors showed a linear response to SDF/VDF concentrations in a range from 100 pg/mL to 300 ng/mL. The lower detection limit was calculated to be 55 pg/mL, the sensitivity was calculated to be $1.02{\mu}Ang/mL/cm^2$, and the sensor performance exhibited good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 7.1%. The proposed sensing chemistry strategy and the sensor format can be used as a simple, cost-effective, and feasible method for the in-field analysis of SDF/VDF in functional or health supplement food samples.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.287-294
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• 2019

Calystegia soldanella is distributed in coastal sand dunes and has high environmental adaptability; it is also known to be effective for anti-oxidant, anti-pyretic, anti-septic, and diuretic action. This study investigated the effect of crude extracts and organic solvent fractions of C. soldanella on MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, MMP activity, and cell mobility in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells. C. soldanella was twice extracted, once with methylene chloride (MC) and once with methanol (MeOH). After the MC and MeOH extracts were combined, their suppressive effects on MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, MMP enzymatic activity, and gene and protein expression were measured by gelatin zymography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and western blot method. Cell mobility for the HT-1080 cells was observed by wound healing assay. The combined crude extracts showed a significant suppressive effects on MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. To explore active inhibitory elements, the combined extracts were fractionated according to polarity into with n-hexane, 85% aqueous methanol, n-butanol, and water. Across these four solvent fractions, MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and cell mobility in the HT-1080 cells were all strongly inhibited by the n-hexane fraction. These results suggest that C. soldanella extract and organic solvent fractions could be used as potent MMP inhibitors for effective anti-cancer treatments to suppress cancer invasion and metastasis.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.295-306
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• 2018

Schisandra chinensis (SC) and Lycium chinense (LC) were widely distributed in Asia and the fruit has been used traditionally for medicinal herbs. The processing method was solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae for 48 h after stir-frying treatment at $220^{\circ}C$ for 12 min. In this study, in vitro the anti-inflammatory effect and in vivo hangover reduction were compared to unprocessed SC and LC water extract. Anti-inflammatory effects have been evaluated in pro-inflammatory mediators which were secreted by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Nitric oxide (NO) was determined using Griess reaction. Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ and interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$ were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities were compared to processed SC or LC and mixtures thereof (1:1). In vivo study was compared to hangover relief in alcohol-fed mice. After administering a mixture of SC and LC (300 mg/kg) water extract (1:1), mice were fed 3 g/kg of ethanol. Serum was collected at 1, 3, and 5 h intervals to analyze ethanol and acetaldehyde levels using a colorimetric assay kit. The processed SC and LC water extracts compared to raw materials significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO and inflammatory cytokine production in RAW 264.7 cells. The results of the hangover mouse model are also consistent with anti-inflammatory effects. These results suggest that processed SC and LC extracts may be functional materials for the treatment of inflammation and hangover.