• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.31-46
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• 2003

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of electroacupuncture(EA) at the BL60 (Kollyun) on normal humans using power spectral analysis. Methods : EEG power spectrum exhibit site-specific and state-related differences in specific frequency bands. In this study, power spectrum was used as a measure of complexity. 30 channel EEG study was carried out in 10 subjects $(10\;males;\;age=22.4{\pm}0.5$ years). Results : In alpha band, the power values at Fz during the non-acupoint treatment and at Fp2, T5 during the BL60-acupoint treatment significantly were decreased. In beta band, the power values at C3, Po2, O2, Oz during the BL60-acupoint treatment significantly were increased than the before-acupuncture treatment. In theta band, the power values at F7 during the BL60-acupoint treatment significantly was increased. However, the comparison with that before and after the treatment shows no significant differences in all channels.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.123-135
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• 2005

Objectives:EEG coherence could imply the connectivity between two different areas of the brain, which is known to be important in the pathophysiology of bipolar I disorder(BPD I) and schizophrenia. The authors investigated EEG coherence in patients with BPD I and schizophrenia to examine the connectivity of the neural circuit. Methods:EEGs were recorded in 15 schizophrenia and 14 bipolar disorder patients, and 14 age-matched normal control subjects from 16 electrodes with linked-ear reference. Spectral parameters and coherence were calculated for the alpha bandwidth(8-13Hz) by a multi-channel autoregressive model using 20 artifact-free 2-seconds epochs and the differences were compared among three groups by two different statistical methods;F-test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Furthermore, when there were significant differences among three groups, Scheffe's multiple comparison tests were provided and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests for the ordered alternative were given. Results:In the intra-hemispheric comparison, left frontal coherence was increased in order of control, BPD I and schizophrenia. In the inter-hemispheric comparison, 1) inter-prefrontal coherence in BPD I was signifi- cantly higher than in normal controls, and 2) inter-prefrontal coherence in schizophrenia was significantly lower than in controls. Conclusion:These results suggest that 1) both schizophrenia and BPD I are diseases having the abnormality of neural circuit connectivity in both frontal and prefrontal lobes, and 2) the abnormality is more severe in schizophrenia than in BPD I. Furthermore, the data support that a common pathogenetic process may reside in both schizophrenia and BPD I.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1-16
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of manual acupuncture at the $LI_4$, $ST_{36}$ and $LR_3$ on Electroencephalogram(EEG) of patients with stroke. Methods : 32 channel EEG measurement was carried out in 35 Stroke patients(23 males and 12 females). EEG was measured for 21 minutes(made up of 7 sessions, 1 session means 3 minutes time interval) including 15 minutes(5 sessions) of acupuncture time. Power spectrum analysis was used as a measure of complexity. Statistical analysis was performed using Linear mixed model and DUNNETT's multiple comparison. Results : The results were as follows; 1. EEG amplitude was reduced during acupuncture except electrodes PG1 and PG2. 2. There was a notable change during 6~9 minutes after needling in ${\delta}{\cdot}{\beta}{\cdot}{\gamma}$ wave, and during 6~9 minutes after needling in ${\Theta}{\cdot}{\alpha}$ wave. Overall, during 6~9 minutes after needling. 3. TP8 is a common significant electrode among five wave forms. Conclusions : These results suggest that TP8 could be typical electrodes and change of EEG compared to baseline happens most often during 6~9 minutes after manipulated acupuncture at the $LI_4$, $ST_{36}$ and $LR_3$ of patients with stroke.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.644-654
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aroma foot reflexology massage on mood states specifically depression and brain waves of elderly women with osteoarthritis. Methods: The study was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The participants were 62 elderly women with osteoarthritis. The instruments were the Korean-Profile of Mood States-Brief for mood states and 8-channel EEG (Electroencephalogram) system for brain waves. Data were collected from March to May, 2012. Twenty-six participants were assigned to the treatment group and twenty-six to the comparison group. The data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 17.0 version program, and included descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANCOVA. The intervention was conducted three times a week for two weeks. Results: There were significantly improvement in reported depression. s. Brain waves (EEG) increased significantly in F3, T3 of ${\alpha}$ wave and in F4, T3, and P4 of ${\beta}$ wave between the two groups. Conclusion: Aroma foot reflexology massage can be utilized as an effective intervention to decrease depression of mood states, increase of ${\alpha}$, and ${\beta}$ brain wave on woman elderly with osteoarthritis.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2015

In this paper, we found the usefulness of the deep belief network (DBN) in the fields of brain-computer interface (BCI), especially in relation to imagined speech. In recent years, the growth of interest in the BCI field has led to the development of a number of useful applications, such as robot control, game interfaces, exoskeleton limbs, and so on. However, while imagined speech, which could be used for communication or military purpose devices, is one of the most exciting BCI applications, there are some problems in implementing the system. In the previous paper, we already handled some of the issues of imagined speech when using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), although it required complementation for multi class classification problems. In view of this point, this paper could provide a suitable solution for vowel classification for imagined speech. We used the DBN algorithm, which is known as a deep learning algorithm for multi-class vowel classification, and selected four vowel pronunciations:, /a/, /i/, /o/, /u/ from IPA. For the experiment, we obtained the required 32 channel raw electroencephalogram (EEG) data from three male subjects, and electrodes were placed on the scalp of the frontal lobe and both temporal lobes which are related to thinking and verbal function. Eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of the EEG data were used as the feature vector of each vowel. In the analysis, we provided the classification results of the back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) for making a comparison with DBN. As a result, the classification results from the BP-ANN were 52.04%, and the DBN was 87.96%. This means the DBN showed 35.92% better classification results in multi class imagined speech classification. In addition, the DBN spent much less time in whole computation time. In conclusion, the DBN algorithm is efficient in BCI system implementation.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.245-258
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• 2020

In this study, a data-driven response surface method using the results acquired from the numerical simulation is developed to evaluate the potential storage capacity of groundwater due to the construction of a groundwater dam. The hydraulic conductivities of alluvium and basement rock, depth and slope of the channel are considered as the natural conditions of the location for groundwater dam construction. In particular, the probability models of the hydraulic conductivities and the various types of geometry of the channel are considered to ensure the reliability of the numerical simulation and the generality of the developed estimation model. As the results of multiple simulations, it can be seen that the hydraulic conductivity of basement rock and the depth of the channel greatly influence to the groundwater storage capacity. In contrast, the slope of the channel along the groundwater flow direction shows a relatively lower impact on the storage capacity. Based on the considered natural conditions and the corresponding numerical simulation results, the storage capacity estimation model is developed applying an artificial neural network as the nonlinear regression model for training. The developed estimation model shows a high correlation coefficient (>0.9) between the simulated and the estimated storage amount. This result indicates the superiority of the developed model in evaluating the storage capacity of the potential location for groundwater dam construction without the numerical simulation. Therefore, a more objective and efficient comparison for the storage capacity between the different potential locations can be possibly made based on the developed estimation model. In line with this, the proposed method can be an effective tool to assess the optimal location of groundwater dam construction across Korea.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.84-91
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• 2021

Objective : Mismatch negativity (MMN) is known to reflect several abnormalities of cognitive functioning. This study is aimed to investigate the differences in MMN among major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with or without suicidal ideation. Methods : Sixty-seven patients with MDD were recruited into this study. MMN was measured by a 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) using oddball paradigm over the front-central area. Clinical characteristics were assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Beck Scale for Suicide ideation (SSI-BECK). Patients were divided into two groups, no suicidal ideation (N=12) and suicidal ideation (N=55), depending on the presence of suicide ideation in SSI-BECK questionnaires. Results : The MMN latencies were significantly longer in the MDD patients with suicidal ideation than in the MDD patents without suicidal ideation (p<0.05). The MMN amplitudes were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion : Suicidal ideation may be associated with longer MMN latencies, and it suggests that MMN may play a potential role in assessing the suicidal risk among MDD patients.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.168-176
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• 2003

Objectives:We investigated the characteristics of P300 generators in obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) patients by using voxel-based statistical parametric mapping of current density images. Methods:P300 generators, produced by a rare target tone of 1500Hz under a frequent non-target tone of 1,000Hz, were measured in 15 right-handed OCD patients and 15 controls. Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography(LORETA), using a realistic head model of the boundary element method based on individual MRI, was applied to the 128-channel EEG. Statistical parametric mapping(SPM) was applied for the statistical analysis. Results:We found that both groups had the mean current density of P300 in the parietal, temporal and prefrontal lobe. There was a trend for decreased current density in the prefrontal area in OCD patients. The statistical comparison showed current density increase in the supraparietal area, a statistically significant longer P300 latency and a trend for reduced P300 amplitude in OCD patients. Conclusion:It suggests that P300 source of both groups exists in multiple brain regions at the same time. And both groups had no statistically significant differences in the current density of P300 except for increased current density in the supraparietal area in OCD patients. But, considering the statistically significant longer P300 latency, a trend for reduced P300 amplitude and relative mean current density reduction in the prefrontal area in OCD patients, this study suggests that the frontal lobe may have a reduced normal inhibitory process in OCD patients.