• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.39-56
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• 2006

Objectives: To investigate the drinking and smoking habits among the community residents of a city. Methods: We surveyed 1.973 adults from October 1, 2005 to November 16, 2005. The data collected on alcohol drinking habits involved frequency, age of initiation, amount of alcohol consumed, number of attempts to reduce consumption and reasons for reducing it. The data collected on smoking habits involved amount, age of initiation, duration, situations, and the number of attempts to quit smoking. These were analyzed with frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, $x^2$-test, t-test and ANOVA. Results: The rate of drinking was 67.4%; 83.1% among males, and 52.5%among females. Among all drinkers, the largest group (29.8%) drank once or twice a week. The mean age of initiation was 21.2 years; 19.9 among males, and 22.8 among females. The average consumed amount was 5.8 glasses; males consumed 7.4 glasses, and females 3.3 glasses. The consumption was the highest among those in fifties. The rate of attempts to reduce drinking was 33.4%, mainly for health reasons. The rate of smoking was 38.0%; 72.4% among males, and 5.5% among females. Among all smokers, the largest group (44.1%) smoked between 11 and 20 cigarettes per day. The mean of the age of initiation was 20.7 years; 20.3 among males, 25.6 among females. The mean smoking duration was 20.9 years; 21.3 years among males, and 16.2 years among females. The main reason for the initial attempt was curiosity. The most common situation for smoking was after dinner. The rate of attempts to quit smoking was 77.1%, mainly out of concern for one's health. Alcohol consumption among smokers was higher than among any other group of nonsmokers. Also, the age of drinking initiation among smokers was lower than among any other group of nonsmokers. Conclusion: This study highlighted the actual data on drinking and smoking habits among community residents. The study can be utilized for creating programs aiming at reducing the consumption of alcohol and tobacco or stopping it altogether. Therefore, it is now possible to assess the indicators for interventions in each population group. Finally, the groups of heavy drinkers and smokers are expected to be given priority for intervention program.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.222-236
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• 1994

1991년 7월부터 1992년 7월까지 부산시 해운대 동백섬 조간대에서 채집된 노래미, Hexagram mosagrammus를 대상으로 성성숙에 관련된 제반 형질을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 생식소숙도지수(GSI)는 추계인 9월부터 증가하여 11월에 년중 최고값인 암 4.31, 수 1.61을 각각 나타내었으며 12월부터 감소하여 춘하계 동안 낮은값을 유지하였다. 2. 간숙도지수(HSI)는 수컷의 경우 뚜렷하지는 않으나, 암컷은 생식소숙도지수와 동일하게 변화하여 생식소가 활성화되는 9월부터 중가하기 시작하여 11월에 2.32의 년중 최고값을 나타내었다. 3. 군성숙도는 암수 모두에서 표준체장 11.0~11.9 cm에서 50 % 이상, 13.0~13.9 cm에서 100 %로 전 개체가 생식에 가담하는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 성숙 및 산란기인 9월에서 12윌사이 난소내 난경조성의 결과에서 노래미는 한 산란기에 3회 이상의 산란을 행하는 다회 산란종으로 밝혀졌다. 5. 총포란수와 성숙란수는 체장에 비례하여 증가하였으나, 전중과의 관계에서는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 6. 비만도는 성장기인 9월에 암수 각각 15.32, 15.14로 최고값을 보인 후 산란기를 지나며 크게 감소하였으며, 3월부터는 다시 서서히 증가하였다. 따라서 비만도의 변화는 생식주기와 밀접한 관계를 가지고 변화하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.142-145
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• 2003

광 아이솔레이터의 제작을 위해 비가역적 위상변위 효과를 갖는 자기 광학물질을 클래딩 충으로 활용한 무한 평면 광도파로의 비가역적 위상변위 특성을 1.55 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 파장에서 계산하였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 무한 평면 광 도파로의 구조는 클래딩 충으로 자기 광학 물질인 Ce:YIG와 LNB(LuNdBi)$_3$(FeAl)$_{5}$)$_{l2}$)가 사용되었고, 각 각의 고유 패러데이 회전 Θ$_{F}$는 1.55 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 파장에서 4500$^{\circ}$/cm, 500$^{\circ}$/cm이다 가이딩 층은 1.3Q와 InGaAs로 이루어진 다중 양자 우물 구조를 사용하였다. 클래딩 층을 지나는 감쇄 전계에 따른 영향을 조사하기 위하여 기판의 굴절률이 InP와 공기의 굴절률을 갖는 경우에 대하여 도파 모드를 계산하였다. 여러 광 도파로 구조에서 비가역적 위상변위가 90$^{\circ}$가 되는 위상 변위기의 크기가 최소가 되는 길이와 최적화된 가이딩 충의 두께를 구하였다.다.다.다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.69-78
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• 1999

본 논문에서는 한반도의 지역별 강수량 예측을 위한 신경망 기법을 소개한다. 시계열 패턴 예측 문제에 적용될 수 있는 기존의 다양한 신경망 모델의 특성을 분석하고 이로부터 강수량 예측 문제에 적합한 모델 및 학습 알고리즘을 제시한다. 본 논문에서 제시하는 모델은 계층적구조의 신경망으로 각 노드의 출력값은 일정기간동안 버퍼에 저장되어 상위계층에 입력으로 작용한다. 본 연구에서는 제안된 모델에 대하여 이중연결형태의 시냅스 구조를 채택하고, 이에 대한 네트워크의 동작특성과 학습알고리즘 등을 정의한다. 이러한 이중연결구조는 기존의 다층퍼셉트론에서 바이어스 노드의 역할을 담당하며, 노드가 갖는 특징들간의 관계를 효과적으로 반영함으로써 기존의 전형적인 시계열 예측 신경망인 FIR(Finite Impulse Response) 네트워크와 비교할 때 학습의 효율을 개선시킨다. 제시된 이론은 월별 및 계절별 강수량 예측 실험에 적용하였다. 신경망 예측기의 학습자료로서 과거 수십년동안 관측된 강수량 데이터와 해수표면온도 데이터를 사용하며 예측 실험결과로부터 제시된 이론의 타당성을 고찰한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.3941-3944
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• 2013

Background: The use of preoperative chemoirradiation is the commonest treatment strategy employed in Malaysia for locally advanced rectal cancer. We need to determine the local control and survival rates for comparison with established rates in the literature. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed all newly diagnosed patients with rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent long course preoperative radiotherapy (RT) at the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kuala Lumpur Hospital (HKL) between $1^{st}$ January 2004 and $31^{st}$ December 2010. The aim of the study was to determine the radiological response post radiotherapy, pathological response including circumferential resection margin (CRM) status, 3 years local control, 3 years overall survival (OS) and 3 years disease free survival (DFS). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software. Kaplan-Meier and log rank analysis were used to determine survival outcomes. Results: A total of 507 patients with rectal cancer underwent RT at HKL. Sixty seven who underwent long course preoperative RT were eligible for this study. The median age at diagnosis was 60 years old with a range of 26-78 years. The median tumour location was 6 cm from the anal verge. Most patients had suspicion of mesorectum involvement (95.5%) while 28.4% of patients had enlarged pelvic nodes on staging CT scan. All patients underwent preoperative chemo-irradiation except for five who had preoperative RT alone. Only 38 patients underwent definitive surgery (56.7%). Five patients were deemed to be inoperable radiologically and 3 patients were found to have unresectable disease intraoperatively. The remaining 21 patients defaulted surgery (31.3%). The median time from completion of RT to surgery was 8 weeks (range 5.6 to 29.4 weeks). Fifteen patients (39.5%) had surgery more than 8 weeks after completion of RT. Complete pathological response was noted in 4 patients (10.5%). The pathological CRM positive rate after RT was 18.4%. With a median follow-up of 38.8 months, the 3 year local control rate was 67%. The 3 years rate for CRM positive (<2 mm), CRM clear (>2 mm) and pCR groups were 0%, 88.1% and 100% respectively (p-value of 0.007). The 3 year OS and DFS were 57.3% and 44.8% respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, the approach of long course preoperative chemoirradiation for rectal cancer needs to be re-examined in our local setting. The high rate of local recurrence is worrying and is mainly due to patient defaulting post-preoperative chemoirradiation or delayed definitive surgery.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2011

In this study, whitening activity of Lithospermum erythrorhizon extracts were investigated according to several extraction processes: water extraction at $100^{\circ}C$ (WE100) and $60^{\circ}C$ (WE60), 70% ethyl alcohol extraction (EE) and ultra high pressure extraction (HPE) at 500 MPa for 30 minutes at $60^{\circ}C$. The extracts from ultra high pressure extraction showed the highest tyrosinase inhibition and melanogenesis inhibition activities as 52% and 79.5%, respectively, in adding $1mg/m{\ell}$ than others extraction processes. HPE extracts also showed the strong reducing power as 3.19 that absorbance at 450 mm. The contents of polyphenol in WE100, we measured as $10.1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in adding $1mg/m{\ell}$. Extracts have a high total flavonoid contents by HPE as $4.1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ at $1mg/m{\ell}$. We can conclude that better whitening activity of extracts from high pressure extraction was due to high antioxidant activities which could be extracted by higher polyphenol and flavonoid contents in HPE than others.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2005

갈색띠매물고둥, Neptunea (Barbitonia) arthritica cumingii의 난자 형성과정 중 난황 형성, 생식주기 및 군성숙도를 광학 및 전자현미경적 관찰에 의해서 조사하였다. 초기 난황 형성 단계의 난모세포에서 골지복합체와 미토콘드리아가 지방적 및 난황 과립의 형성에 관여되었다. 후기 난황 형성 단계의 난모세포에서는 조면소포체와 다포체가 세포질 내에서 단백질성 난황 과립 형성에 관여되었다. 성숙 단계 난모세포에서 성숙 난황 과립은 주소체(중앙중심), 표면층, 그리고 이들을 둘러싼 한계막의 3가지로 구성되어 있다. 산란기는 5월과 8월 사이이고, 주 산란은 수온이 대략 $18{\sim}23^{\circ}C$로 상승하는 6월과 7월 사이에 일어나고 있다. 암컷의 생식주기는 초기 활성기($9{\sim}10$월), 후기 활성기($9{\sim}2$월), 완숙기($2{\sim}6$월), 부분 산란기($5{\sim}8$월), 회복기($6{\sim}8$월)의 연속적인 5단계로 구분할 수 있다. 군성숙도는 각고 $51.0{\sim}60.9mm$에서 53.1%이었고 각고 61.0mm 이상에서는 100%를 나타내었다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2010

The ultrastructures of germ cells and the accessory cells during spermatogenesis and mature sperm ultrastructure in male Gomphina veneriformis, which was collected on the coastal waters of Yangyang, East Sea of Korea, were investigated by transmission electron microscope observations. The morphology of the spermatozoon has a primitive type and is similar to those of other bivalves in that it contains a short midpiece with four mitochondria surrounding the centrioles. Accessory cells are observed to be connected to adjacent germ cells, they contain a large quantity of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Therefore, it is assumed that they are involved in the supplying of the nutrients for germ cell development, while any phenomena associated with phagocytosis of undischarged, residual sperms by lysosomes in the cytoplasm of the accessory cells after spawning was not observed in this study. The morphologies of the sperm nucleus type and the acrosome shape of this species have a cylindrical and modified long cone shape, respectively. In particular, the axial filaments in the lumen of the acrosome, and subacrosomal granular materials are observed in the subacrosomal space between the anterior nuclear fossa and the beginning part of axial filaments in the acrosome. The spermatozoon is approximately $50-55{\mu}m$ in length including a long sperm nucleus (about $7.80{\mu}m$ in length), an acrosome (about $1.13{\mu}m$ in length) and tail flagellum ($40-45{\mu}m$). The axoneme of the sperm tail flagellum consists of nine pairs of microtubules at the periphery and a pair at the center. The axoneme of the sperm tail shows a 9+2 structure. Some charateristics of sperm morphology of this species in the family Veneridae are (1) acrosomal morphology, (2) the number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm,. The axial filament appears in the acrosome as one of characteristics seen in several species of the family Veneridae in the subclass heterodonta, unlikely the subclass pteriomorphia containing axial rod instead of the axial filament. As some characteristics of the acrosome structures, the peripheral parts of two basal rings show electron opaque part (region), while the apex part of the acrosome shows electron lucent part (region). These charateristics belong to the family Veneridae in the subclass heterodonta, unlikely a characteristic of the subclass pteriomorphia showing all part of the acrosome being composed of electron opaque part (region). Therefore, it is easy to distinguish the families or the subclasses by the acrosome structures. The number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm of this species are four, as one of common characteristics appeared in most species in the family Veneridae.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.56-63
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• 1995

한국 서해 연안 저서어류의 우점종인 참서대 Cynoglossus joyneri의 생태를 조사하기 위해서 서해연안 7해역에서 1992년부터 1994년까지 표본을 채집하였고, 채집된 표본들에 대해 성성숙, 난 자치어의 분포, 소화관 내용물을 분석하였으며, 서식해역의 저질(低質), 수온과 염분농도 등 서식환경을 조사하였다. 군산 연안에서 금강, 만경강의 담수 영향으로 염분농도가 크게 낮아지는 하계에 본 종의 출현량이 격감하였는데, 이 시기에 담수 영향권에서 벗어난 외해쪽에서 산란과 초기성장이 이루어지는 것으로 여겨진다. 생식소 분석 결과 이들의 산란기는 6~10월이었으며 산란성기는 7~8월이었다. 성숙란을 가지 는 최소성체는 143.5 mm로 부화 후 약 20개월 후에 성체로 되는 것으로 나타났다. 연령별 체장조성은 당년 부화한 부유기 단계의 개체들이 전장 30.0~70.0 mm, 1년생이 49.0~133.0 mm, 2년생이 128.0~ 167.0 mm, 3년생이 169.0~202.0 mm, 4년생이 200.0~240.0 mm였다. 소화관 내용물은 전장8cm 미만의 개체들의 경우 요각류와 갑각류 유생 등, 무척추동물의 유생이 대부분이었고 성체의 경우는 겨울철에 갯지렁이류, 여름과 가을철에 이매패와 새우류를 많이 섭식하고 있었다. 현재 참서대의 주요 먹이인 무척추동물이 서식하고 있는 서해 내만역은 개발에 따라 매립이 진행되고 있어서 앞으로 본 종의 출현량이 크게 감소할 것으로 예상된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

Hydroxyapatite(HA) has been extensively used as bone graft materials and tooth implant surface coating materials because of its biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties. However, as HA is intrinsically poor in mechanical properties, zirconia($ZrO_2$) was incorporated with HA as reinforcing phases for improvement of mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological activities of HA-coated zirconia through the cell proliferation test, measurements of alkaline phosphatase activity, and histologic examination. Four kinds of tested blocks were prepared according to the pore size (300-500${\mu}m$/500-700${\mu}m$) and the porosity (70%/90%). Cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity was measured at 1, 7, 14 days. The number of cells proliferate after 7, 14 days were significantly increased in all groups when compared with that of the first day, but there was no significant difference between the 4 groups at each time period. At the 7 day, alkaline phosphatase activities of cells cultured in 4 groups were higher than that of the first day, but there was no significant difference between the 4 groups at each time period. The human gingival fibroblast and MG 63 cell was used to evaluate the cell cytotoxicity using MTT test. The materials tested in the current study turned out to be non-cytotoxic. In histologic examination(SEM), at 1 day there were many cells attached on the surfaces of all kinds of tested blocks. The number of cells were increased over time. At the 14 day, there were more cells proliferated than 1 day and some of the pores of blocks were partially filled with the proliferated cells. The in vitro response of osteoblast-like cells to the HA-coated zirconia showed comparable effect on transformation comparable to hydroxyapatite.