• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.46-60
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• 2023

This study examines the appropriateness of indicators and methodologies through the evaluation of cultural services in border areas and uses them as basic data for the ecosystem service-based management of border areas, which are key domestic ecological assets. Accordingly, in this study, seven border cities and counties were evaluated and compared based on the evaluation indicators and methods presented by the National Institute of Ecology. As a result of the cultural service evaluation, it was found that Paju City was superior in leisure and tourism, Inje-gun was best in scenic beauty and heritage, and Yanggu-gun was strongest in education, and Inje-gun in heritage. Accordingly, through this study, future tasks for comprehensive cultural service evaluation were presented as follows. First, in order to evaluate ecosystem services at the national and regional levels, it is necessary to establish an indicator system for cultural service evaluation and monitoring. Second, when building a cultural service evaluation index system, it is necessary to review upper and lower conceptual units and the consistency between indicators according to the scale of the evaluation region. Third, a specific review of DB utilization for cultural service evaluation should be conducted depending on the type of ecosystem. Lastly, given the significant lack of domestic cultural service research, additional basic research must be conducted to evaluate cultural services including non-material and qualitative perceptions. In order to evaluate cultural services in the future, additional basic research is needed for each ecosystem type, and a process of finding appropriate evaluation indicators and methods through research is necessary.

• ALGAE
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Seaweed aquaculture technologies have developed dramatically over the past 70 years mostly in Asia and more recently in Americas and Europe. However, there are still many challenges to overcome with respect to the science and to social acceptability. The challenges include the development of strains with thermo-tolerance, disease resistance, fast growth, high concentration of desired molecules, the reduction of fouling organisms and the development of more robust and cost efficient farm systems that can withstand storm events in offshore environments. It is also important to note that seaweed aquaculture provides ecosystem services, which improve conditions of the coastal waters for the benefit of other living organisms and the environment. The ecosystem services role of seaweed aquaculture and its economic value will also be quantitatively estimated in this review.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.31-45
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• 2023

As the Private-initiated Park Development Project (PPDP) is being actively implemented, there are concerns about the deterioration of ecosystem services due to the development of long-term unexecuted urban parks. This study aims to analyze the impact of the PPDP on the ecosystem services of urban parks by examining Central Park, which is PPDP No. 1 in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do. A study was conducted using system thinking to comprehensively understand the changes in the ecosystem services due to the PPDP. As a result of the study, the first reason for implementing the PPDP was the local government's lack of financing. Second, it was found that the creation of urban parks through the PPDP initially deteriorated cultural services yet improved them over time, while the regulating and supporting services continued to decline. Third, trade-offs appeared between urban parks' ecosystem services (i.e.., cultural services, regulating services, and supporting services). Through this, it was confirmed that it is necessary to prepare measures for planning and managing urban parks that can reduce the trade-off between the ecosystem services of urban parks. The results of this study suggest that it is necessary to understand the relationship between environmental changes and ecosystem services over time when establishing urban park creation plans and management.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.78-90
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• 2015

Short rotation woody crops belonging to the genera Populus L., Salix L., Pinus L., and Eucalyptus L'Her. have provided broad economic and ecological benefits throughout the world, including afforestation and reforestation along urban to rural gradients. Within the genus Populus, cottonwoods, poplars, aspens, and their hybrids (hereafter referred to as poplars) have been shown to exhibit favorable genotype ${\times}$ environment interactions, especially in the face of changing climates. Similar growth responses have been reported for Pinus, especially with white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in the North Central United States. This has led to current research priorities focused on ecosystem services for both genera. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) defines cultural, supporting, provisioning, and regulating ecosystem services. The overarching objective of this paper was to synthesize information about the potential of poplars to provide multiple ecosystem services when grown at sites with varying soil and climate conditions across landscape gradients from urban to rural areas. Specific objectives included: 1) providing background of the United States Forest Service and its Research and Development branch, 2) integrating knowledge of current poplar breeding and development with biomass provisioning and carbon regulating ecosystem services as they relate to changing climates in the North Central United States, and 3) providing a case study illustrating this integration through comparisons of poplar with white pine. Our results were evaluated in the context of climate change mitigation, with specific focus on selection of favorable genotypes for sequestering atmospheric carbon and reducing fossil fuel carbon emissions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.684-692
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• 2022

This study was conducted to assess ecosystem services provided for Saemangeum agricultural and life sites and surrounding areas and establish measures to enhance them. The ecosystem services in the Saemangeum region were found to be different depending on its land use type. Before reclamation, the quality of ecosystem service in the Saemangeum region was high in all aspects: supply, control, culture, and support service functions. After the reclamation, however, the quality of supply, regulating, and support services declined. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the quality of regulating and support services provided by semi-natural habitats such as rice paddy and reservoirs to improve the ecosystem service of the Saemangeum agricultural and life site. The suggested service improvement includes transforming natural ecosystems, such as forests and rural areas, and vast agricultural land into rural tourism and ecotourism and strengthening cultural service functions centered on education and research related to agriculture. To this end, it is necessary to utilize large agricultural land and agricultural infrastructure to promote agricultural production and rural tourism and government support for areas where the aging population is a problem.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.683-696
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• 2023

The conservation of wetland ecosystems has a significant role in climate change. Notably, the Han River Protected Area, including the Siam-ri wetland and Janghang wetland, provides high biodiversity value. Thus, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the function and value of wetland ecosystems. This study evaluated the ecosystem services of Siam-ri and Janghang Wetlands located in the Han River Protected Area using the Rapid Assessment Wetland Ecosystem Services approach, a function-oriented ecosystem analysis. The results were calculated using the Ecosystem Services Index formula to analyze wetland ecosystem services. We also assessed the key ecosystem services based on a focus group interview. We identified that the supporting and cultural services index scores were relatively high in the study area. The results can provide helpful information for sustainable wetland conservation, conservation planning as primary data, and raising awareness for the Han River Protected Area.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.82-95
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• 2021

Current international negotiation and cooperation for sustainable development are focused on three main themes. The first theme is implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The second theme is development of measures for climate change. The third theme is sustainable management of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In South Korea, responses of government policies and academic studies have been predominantly to one of these three themes. There have not been many integrated efforts to develop countermeasures considering all three international themes. In addition, while "green growth" policies have been setting national agendas for Korea's sustainable development, they must be scrutinized such as why they have not dealt with some parts of these three themes and whether they have ignored one of these themes due to lack of integrated responses. This study finds critical issues in South Korea on how to harmoniously respond to the three themes of international efforts and improve green growth policies. First, to achieve SDGs, the domestic statistical system must be reorganized to track the achievement of "inclusiveness" and "green growth". Second, the climate change response policy should seek inclusion between countries and between social groups. Third, in the field of biodiversity and ecosystem services, it is necessary to establish Korea's identity in global geopolitics and enhance its own traditional ecological knowledge. Fourth, it is necessary to consider how to solve discrepancy between climate change response policies and biodiversity-ecosystem service management policies. Finally, proactive improvement of laws and institutions must occur to promote inclusive green growth.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.41-54
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• 2011

A central theme in recent IT (information technology) industry is a mobile ecosystem. While a concept of business ecosystem, which is an economic community of firms and individuals producing and consuming goods and services, has been around for about 20 years now, the recent spotlight is mainly caused by the enormous success of iPhone. Many hand-set makers or platform developers want to mimic Apple's iPhone ecosystem from which both application developers and hand-set users can benefit. In this study, a representation model of the business ecosystem is proposed for supporting systematic design and analysis of ecosystems. Whereas previous studies also proposed some representation models, they emphasized only on the value chain between participating players. The proposed model, which is named relation-based ecosystem model, represents an ecosystem with the requirement relationships between product and service components and the roles of players, as well as their value chain. Such comprehensive representation explicitly reveals the strategic difference between ecosystems. This advantage was illustrated by comparing a Korean traditional mobile ecosystem and an emerging smart-phone ecosystem represented by the proposed model.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.580-587
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• 2016

This study aims to estimate the values of freshwater ecosystem services from demand and supply perspectives. From demand side, unit-values of ecosystem services are derived from Environmental Valuation Information System (EVIS) and aggregated to 5 main watersheds in Korea. The derived unit-values are based on the willingness to pay estimates per household from stated preference methods. The nation-wide average total values of water quantity supply, water purification, and natural disaster control are estimated as 501.2, 410.4, and 242.4 billion won/year, respectively. From supply side, we examine the direct and indirect public expenditures (or investment) in 2013 to improve freshwater ecosystem services by the government. The total sum of government expenditures corresponds to 8,882 billion won in 2013, where 12.9, 81.3, 0.3 and 5.3% are spent to improve provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services, respectively, indicating that most efforts are concentrated in enhancing regulating services.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.43-57
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• 2024

As coastal areas have a distinct nature with the interaction of the lands and waters, they attract people to enjoy and experience the natural environments physically and intellectually; this generates cultural ecosystem services. Coastal beaches are one of the most common coastal areas for cultural ecosystem services. The purpose of this study was to 1) estimate the economic values of cultural ecosystem services derived from coastal beaches, and 2) expand the estimated values into other beaches across the country using a benefit transfer method. We divided the values of cultural ecosystem services into five different categories based on an extensive literature review: recreation and tourism, landscape and aesthetic, educational, heritage, and inspirational values. The values of tourism and recreation, landscape and aesthetic, and educational services were estimated using the choice experiments. The attributes of the choice experiments consisted of conservation funds, litter, water quality, seascape, landscape, and biodiversity, and the data were collected through online surveys with visitors of 11 representative beaches in Korea. Heritage and inspiration services were estimated using a market goods method based on their expenditures. These values were transferred to 257 beaches across the country. Study results can be used for policy decisions on various restoration and conservation projects caused by coastal erosion and development and on the need and extent of public investments.