• Title/Summary/Keyword: ECOLOGICAL EFFECT

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Stabilization of As (arsenic(V) or roxarsone) Contaminated Soils using Zerovalent Iron and Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag (영가철(Zerovalent Iron)과 제강슬래그를 이용한 비소(V) 및 록살슨(Roxarsone) 오염토양의 비소 안정화 효율 평가)

  • Lim, Jung-Eun;Kim, Kwon-Rae;Lee, Sang-Soo;Kwon, Oh-Kyung;Yang, Jae-E;Ok, Yong-Sik
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.32 no.6
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    • pp.631-638
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    • 2010
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of zerovalent iron and basic oxygen furnace slag on arsenic stabilization in soils. For this, arsenic (V) contaminated soil and roxarsone contaminated soil were incubated after incorporation with zerovalent iron (ZVI) or basic oxygen furnace slage (BOFS) at four different levels (0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%) for 30 days and then the residual concentrations of arsenic were analysed following extraction with aqua reqia, 1N HCl and 0.01 M $CaCl_2$. The total concentration of arsenic was 2,285 mg/kg in the As(V) contaminated soil and 6.5 mg/kg in the roxarsone contaminated soil. 1 N HCl extractable arsenic concentration in the As(V) contaminated soil was initially 1,351 mg/kg and this was significantly declined by 713~1,034 mg/kg following incubation with ZVI while BOFS treatment showed no effect on the stabilization of inorganic arsenate except 5% treatment which showed around 100 mg/kg reduction in 1N HCl extractable arsenic. Similarly, in the roxarsone contaminated soil 1N HCl extractable concentration of arsenic was reduced from 3.13 mg/kg to 0.69 mg/kg with ZVI treatment increased from 1% to 5% while BOFS treatment did not lead to any statistically significant reduction. Available (0.01M $CaCl_2$ extractable) arsenic was initially 0.85 mg/kg in the As(V) contaminated soil and this declined by 0.79 mg/kg following incorporation with 5% ZVI, which accounted for more than 90% of the available As in the control. When As(V)-contaminated soil was treated with BOFS, the available arsenic was increased due to competing effect of the phosphate originated from BOFS with arsenate for the adsorption sites. For the roxarsone contaminated soil, the greater the treatment of ZVI or BOFS, the lower the available arsenic concentration although it was still higher than that of the control.

Inhibitory Effect of Rhus Verniciflua Extract on Lipid Peroxidation and Inflammatory Cytokines during Endurance Exercise Training (지구성 운동시 옻나무 추출액의 지질과산화 및 염증성사이토카인 억제효과)

  • Lee, Youn-Kyung;Kwon, Oh-Seon;Song, Young-Ju;Kim, Sea-Hyun;Kim, Pan-Gi;Ryu, Sung-Pil
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.99 no.1
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    • pp.102-110
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    • 2010
  • This study was performed to find out the inhibitory effect of Rhus Verniciflua extract on lipid peroxidation and inflammatory cytokines during endurance exercise training for 8 weeks in rats. For this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups; sedentary (SED), exercise training (TRA), RVS extract ingestion (RVE), and RVS extract ingestion and exercise training (RVE-TRA). TRA and RVE-TRA were trained on treadmill with increasing speed gradually and administered 10 mL/kg/d of Rhus Verniciflua extract orally to RVE and RVE-TRA. In order to analyze antioxidant function, blood SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase), and MDA (malondialdehyde) were examined. And, analysis of inflammatory cytokines were examined using IL-6 (interleukin-6), TNF-${\alpha}$ (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), CRP (C-reactive protein), and NO (nitric oxide). SOD in TRA was significantly higher than SED and RVE (p<0.05), and RVE-TRA was highest among the groups (p<0.05). The MDA content of TRA, RVE and RVE-TRA were significantly lower than SED. GSH-Px activity of SED was significantly lower than other groups (p<0.05). IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ content of RVE and RVE-TRA were significantly lower than SED and TRA (p<0.05). CRP concentration of SED was the lowest among groups (p<0.05). Finally, NO concentration of SED and TRA were higher than RVE and RVE-TRA (p<0.05). These results suggested that it is efficient for rats to reduce lipid peroxidation and induce anti-inflammatory by taking RVS extract during exercise training. Afterwards, if studies on the properties of RVS extract can be made with various ways, use of Rhus Verniciflua trees might be made widely which are growing naturally in mountains in Korea.

The Study on the Marine Eco-toxicity and Ecological Risk of Treated Discharge Water from Ballast Water Management System Using Electrolysis (전기분해원리를 이용한 선박평형수관리장치의 배출수에 대한 해양생태독성 및 해양환경위해성에 관한 연구)

  • Shon, M.B.;Son, M.H.;Lee, J.;Son, Y.J.;Lee, G.H.;Moon, C.H.;Kim, Y.S.
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.88-101
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    • 2013
  • The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted at 2004 and then various BWMS (ballast water management system) have been developed. In this study, WET (whole effluent toxicity) test with algae (diatom) Skeletonema costatum as primary producer, invertebrate (rotifera) Brachionus plicatilis as 1st consumer and fish (olive flounder) Paralichthys olivaceus as predator, chemical analysis and ERA (environmental risk assessment) were conducted to assess the unacceptable effect on marine ecosystem by emitting the discharge water treated with AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS using electrolysis as main treatment equipment for removing the marine organisms in the ship's ballast water. The most sensitive test organism on discharge water treated with AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS was S. costatum that gave the NOEC value of 25.00%, LOEC value of 50.00% and 72hr-$EC_{50}$ value of 69.97% from WET test result for 20 psu salinity treated discharge water. NOEC and LOEC value of B. plicatilis and P. olivaceus exposed at 20 psu salinity treated discharge water were 50.00% and 100.00%, respectively. In the chemical analysis results, total number of substances produced by AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS was 18 which were bromate, 7 volatile halogenated organic compounds, 7 halogenated acetic acids, 3 halogenated acetonitriles and chloropicrin. Eighteen substances did not consider as persistence and bioaccumulative chemicals. Uncertainty of toxic property of 18 substances was high. PECs of 18 substances calculated by MAMPEC model were ranged from $4.58{\times}10^{-4}$ to $4.87{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, PNECs of them were ranged from $1.6{\times}10^{-2}$ to $3.2{\times}10^2{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. And, the PEC/PNEC ratio of 18 substances did not exceed 1. Therefore, ERA for produced substances indicate that the discharge water treated with AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS does not pose unacceptable effect on marine life. And $EC_{50}$ value of S. costatum on discharge water treated by BWMS using the electrolysis had positive correlation with initial TRO concentration, concentration and kind & level of HAAs.

Response of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to Vegetation Structure in Wildlife Crossings (생태통로 내부 식생구조에 대한 지표성 딱정벌레류(딱정벌레목: 딱정벌레과)의 반응)

  • Jung, Jong-Kook;Park, Yujeong;Lee, Sun Kyung;Lee, Hyoseok;Park, Young-gyun;Lee, Joon-Ho;Choi, Tae Young;Woo, Donggul
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.185-198
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    • 2016
  • Korea has put in significant efforts to increase the number of wildlife crossings between fragmented habitats to prevent loss of biodiversity and to encourage the habitat connectivity in Korea. However, there is a lack of biological data on the effect of vegetation structure in these wildlife crossings and guidelines for design and management of wildlife crossing structures in Korea. Therefore, we selected ground beetle assemblages as model organisms to compare the effect of vegetation structure in wildlife crossings, i.e. bare ground- and shrub-type corridors, in agro-forested landscapes. For this study, 4,207 ground beetles belonging to 33 species were collected through pitfall trapping along the northern forest-corridor-southern forest transects from late April to early September in 2015. Dominant species, abundance, and species richness of ground beetles were significantly higher in the shrub-type corridors than the bare ground-type corridors. Also, the species composition of bare ground-type corridor was significantly different compared to the other habitats such as shrub-type corridor and forests. Similarly, environmental variables were also influenced by vegetation management regimes or trap locations. Collectively, our study clearly indicates that the movement of forest associated ground beetles between forest patches can increase as the vegetation in wildlife crossings becomes complex. Although further studies are needed to verify this, there are indications that the current wildlife crossings that comply with the guidelines may be unfriendly to the movement of ground dwelling arthropods as well as ground beetles. To enhance the ecological function of wildlife crossings, the guidelines need to be rectified as follows: 1) Shrubs or trees should be planted along the corridor verges to provide refuge or movement paths for small mammals and ground dwelling arthropods, and 2) Open spaces should be provided in the middle of the corridors to be used as a path for the movement of large mammals.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Inoculation Effect on Korean Ash Tree Seedlings Differs Depending upon Fungal Species and Soil Conditions (아버스큘 균근균(菌根菌) 접종(接種)이 균종(菌種)과 토양상태(土壤狀態)에 따라 물푸레나무 묘목(苗木)의 생장(生長)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Koo, Chang-Duck
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.86 no.4
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    • pp.466-475
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    • 1997
  • I examined arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungus inoculation effects on the seedling growth of Korean ash tree(Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance), which distributes in fertile mesic soils, under a seven-day watering cycle of water stress and compost-added fertile conditions. Three Korea-native AM fungi were inoculated : an unidentified Glomus species, Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall and Scutellospora heterogama(Nicol. & Gerd) Walker & Sanders from disturbed forest soils. The effect of AM fungus inoculation on the seedling varied depending upon fungal species and soil conditions. AM formation was 27 to 65% by the Glomus without forming spores, 47 to 74% with about 10 spores per 20g soil by G. margarita and about 65% with 35 spores by S. heterogama. The soil conditions did not affect either AM or spore formation. The Glomus inoculation increased shoot N and P concentrations, but did not affect seedling growth. G. margarita increased shoot N and P, irrespective of soil conditions, in general, but S. heterogama increased N under water stress and Pin the control soil only. These two fungi significantly increased seedling growth in both control and water stress soils. Compost addition increased the growth of non-mycorrhizal seedlings and offset AM fungus inoculation effects. The relative field mycorrhizal dependency(RFMD) of the seedlings was significant only in control and water stress soils by over 40% in G. margarita or S. heterogama AM plants. Under water stress RFMD was the most evident in S. heterogama AM plants. I conclude that some AM fungi such as G, margarita and S. heterogama can broaden the niche of Korean ash seedlings to a water stress or nutrient poor site but less likely to more fertile sites.

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The Variation of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Caused by Erosion Control Works in a Torrential Stream - Focused on Variation of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Analyzed immediately after Construction Works - (황폐계류의 사방공작물 시공에 따른 저서성 대형무척추동물상의 변화 - 시공 직후의 변화를 중심으로 -)

  • Lee, Do-Hyung;Lee, Ki-Hwan;Lee, Heon-Ho;Ma, Ho-Seop;Bae, Kwan-Ho;Kim, Jong-Hyon
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.353-364
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    • 2009
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of erosion control works on the stream ecosystem in a mountain torrential stream. The species composition of benthic macroinvertebrates and biological water quality were investigated before and after construction of erosion control works at 5 sites. The total number of benthic macroinvertebrates before construction was 3,086 individuals including 4 phyla, 6 classes, 11 orders, 22 families, and 25 species, but after construction it has decreased to 1,208 individuals including 4 phyla, 6 classes, 10 orders, 17 families, and 19 species. Especially, the diversity, richness, and evenness indices, which were calculated based on existing number of biological species, have decreased or not produced at the erosion control sites, where biological species were not found or the minimum number of species were found. The results of community analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates and ESB(Ecological Score of Benthic macroinvertebrate community) indicated that the environmental qualities of the stream based on saprobity, environmental condition, and water quality decreased after the construction at all sites: before construction, the top of the stream was satisfactory and some satisfactory, the middle was some defectiveness, and the lower was defectiveness and very defectiveness; after construction, all parts of the stream except some parts of the top were very defectiveness. Moreover, the water quality of torrential stream was rated between I to III before construction, but after construction, it declined to $IV{\sim}V$ except control. The habitat damage of benthic macro invertebrates occurred at all investigation sites after the construction of erosion control works led to reduction of the number of biological species and water quality deterioration. The results reported in this study were collected directly after the construction of erosion control works. Therefore, additional studies are needed to further explore the effect of disaster-prevention of erosion control works and the recovery process of stream ecosystem through long term monitoring.

Behaviors of Arsenic in Paddy Soils and Effects of Absorbed Arsenic on Physiological and Ecological Characteristic of Rice Plant;IV. Effect of As content in water on transpiration, stomatal resistance, temperature and humidity in the leaves of rice plant (토양중(土壤中) 비소(砒素)의 행동(行動)과 수도(水稻)의 비소흡수(砒素吸收)에 의(依)한 피해(被害) 생리(生理) 생태(生態)에 관한 연구(硏究);IV. 수경시험(水耕試驗)에서 비소처리(卑小處理)가 수도(水稻)의 증산(蒸散), 기공저항성(氣孔抵抗性) 및 엽(葉)의 온(溫), 습도(濕度)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Lee, Min-Hyo;Lim, Soo-Kil-H;Kim, Bok-Young
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.39-45
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    • 1987
  • A water culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of As content in a culture solution on the water status and growth of rice plants. Rice (Oryza sativa L. Line. Iri 316) seeds were germinated in bentonite and cultivated there for 30 days. Rice seedlings were transplanted into 3.5l pots containing the culture solution on May 1, 1985 and allowed to grow without As treatment for one month. Afterwards, they were grown in a culture solution maintaining the final concentration of As, 0, 1, 5, 10 and 15mg/1 renewing in the solution dissolved sodium arsenate at intervals of 3 to 7 days. Plants were cultivated in the green house during the growing period and harvested 60 days after As treatment. The results obtained were as follows: Transpiration of rice plants was decreased with the increase of the As level in the culture solution. Stomatal diffusive resistance and leaf temperature increased with increase of As levels though the humidity and the air flow rate in leaf decreased. Air flow rate, transpiration and stomatal diffusive resistance showed a highly significant correlation with As contents in shoots and roots of rice plants: Espally The air flow rate and transpiration revealed a significantly higher correlation with As contents in the root than that in the shoot, but diffusive resistance showed adverse tendency. High levels of As in the culture solution depressed plant height, no. of tillers, leaf width and dry weight of plant remarkably. Typical symptoms of As toxicity were root discoloration, and necrosis of leaf tips and margins, and leaf rolling during the sunny daytime were also another symptoms.

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Behaviors of Arsenic in Paddy Soils and Effects of Absorbed Arsenic on Physiological and Ecological Characteristics of Rice Plant lll. Effect of Water Management on As Uptake and the Growth of Rice Plant at As Added Soil (토양중(土壤中) 비소(砒素)의 행동(行動)과 수도(水稻)의 비소흡수(砒素吸收)에 의(依)한 피해생리(被害生理) 생태(生態)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究);Ⅲ.물관리(管理)가 수도의 비소흡수(砒素吸收) 및 생육(生育)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Lee, Min-Hyo;Lim, Soo-Kill-H
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.1-6
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    • 1987
  • A pot experiment was conducted to find out the effect of water management on the growth and uptake of arsenic and inorganic nutrients of rice plant at As added soil. The arsenic were added to soil at the levels of As 0, 10, 50, 100 and 150 ppm, respectively. Water management was done with two ways: intermittent irrigation from ten days after transplanting, and continuous submersion until harvest. Higher soil As levels increased As content in plant but reduced growth rate. Aresenic content in plant was considerably reduced with intermittent irrigation compared to continuous submersion. Rice growth showed also same trend. With increasing As levels in soil, N content in plant was increased but P, K, Ca, Mg, $SiO_2$, Fe and Mn content in plant were tend to be decreased. These inorganic nutrients in plant were also much absorbed in continuous submersion compared to intermittent irrigation. Soil pH was slightly increased with increasing As levels in soil while soil Eh has no relationship with soil As levels. On the other hand, soil pH was higher in the treatment of continuous submersion than that of intermittent irrigation but soil Eh showed reverse trend. With increasing As levels in soil, water soluble-As and Ca-As fractions in soil tend to be increased with continuous submersion, but these fractions has no tendency with intermittant irrigation.

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A Study on the Blood-Letting Therapy in Elementary Questions (("황제내경소문(黃帝內經素問)" 중(中) 사혈(瀉血)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Lee, Jun-Geun
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.19-42
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    • 2008
  • Blood-Letting Therapy is a rational and ecological medical treatment by which we can heal most of the diseases by removing the static blood which precipitates in the blood vessel and blocks the flowing of blood. And the static blood is the generic term for the injurious, bad, dead and precipitated blood which is blocked the capillary vessel. The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine says that "the patient is treated with drugs internally and stone acupuncture externally. "In the old texts, the blood-letting therapy is mentioned as blood-letting, network vessel pricking, bloodletting, pricking, and arousing pulses etc and it is noted down as the method of network vessel pricking in 'On the Application of Needles' of Spiritual Pivot. Nine-pricking therapy, twelve-pricking therapy and five-pricking therapy are recorded in the methods of network vessel pricking and among them, the method of squeezing blood after pricking the affected part is explained as the network vessel pricking. There are four methods of network vessel pricking, pricking, picking, cluster needling and scatter-pricking and they are fluidly applied to the various symptoms of diseases. In 'On Discriminative Treating for Patients of Different Regions' in Elementary Questions, Ki-baek emphasizes "most of the local people, there are black in skin and loose in striate, and their diseases are mostly of carbuncle kind. It is suitable to treat the disease with stone therapy to prick with stone, so the stone therapy is transmitted from the east. "And in 'On the Corresponding Relation Between the Eum and Yang of Man and All Things' in Elementary Questions, when the Emperor asked Ki-Back, he answered "sthenia means the sthenia of evil, and deficiency means the deficiency of healthy energy. When the blood is sthenic, the evil should be discharged by pricking when out letting the blood; deficiency of vital energy is the asthenia of channels and network vessels, so the energy should drain from the channel which is not deficient, to replenish. "And in this case we can use the methods of 'Breaking out the static bloods', 'driving out the static bloods', blood-letting'. With this we can infer that the blood-letting therapy is made use of the important medical treatments from the ancient times. Especially in referring to the principles of treatment in The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, it mostly alluded to acupuncture therapies and only eleven times to medicinal treatments. This is to verify that the blood-letting therapy formed the foundation of the medical art. In Dong's Therapy of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Bloodletting, Dong Kyeong-Chang gave emphasis on the points that there must be extravasated bloods without exception in the serious illnesses which is old, unnatural, accompanying acute pains and so we can revive our body‘s sprit by circulating 'gi' and static blood piled up in the network vessel, regulating the weakness and strength, and controling the disharmony of the internal organs. The blood-letting therapy has effect on the orifice in emergency, such as fore draining, freeing network vessels, harmonizing gi and blood, relieving pain, dispersing swelling and concretion, sedation, resolving toxin as well as strengthening the heart, relieving itching. So it has distinguished effect on all kinds of medical treatment to the modern people. But by the change of social customs and the confucianism of confucius - it is widely spread on the period of North and South Dynasties, 'Wi' and 'Jin' in china and the period of the Three States in korea - The blood-letting therapy which was regarded as the most important medicinal treatment withered rapidly. And Confucius accentuated the importance of our body and all its members, loyalty and filial piety and banned any damage of our body under no circumstances. As a result of it, the therapy of blood-letting had a rapid decrease and barely kept itself in existence in both countries. What is worse, at the period of Japanese colonial rule of korea and our nation's founding of early stage, it has been withered by the high-handed policy to change Oriental Medicine into modern medical science. So the therapy of blood-letting barely kept itself in existence in some Buddhist temples. Another case, it has handed down as a old-fashioned quick fix in folk remedies. But all kinds of the contamination of heavy metals and the misuses of antibiotics are widely spread nowadays, which increased diseases of adult people and incurable diseases as modern society unavoidably made its way into a highly industrial society. To make us more miserable, the western medical science - the antibiotics and surgical operation medical science - already reveals itself into a limit. The necessity of a new medical science which can give a security to the patients who are suffering from the diseases of adult people and the incurable diseases is especially come into the force nowadays. In view of the results after bibliographically studying on the blood-letting Therapy in Elementary Questions of the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, the blood-letting therapy has acted for the important Oriental medicinal science and has been clarified the prominent effects on the diseases of adult people and the incurable diseases. So it is regarded as an appropriate thing that we lay out a determined theory of the blood-letting therapy and of course prevent the unwanted side effects from inappropriate medicinal treatments, and make full use of clinic by elevating the curative value and that we win back our self-respect of medical treatment which is dominated from the western medical science and ultimately contribute to national medical welfare.

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The Effect Analysis of Vegetation Diversity on Rice-Fish Mixed Farming System in Paddy Wetland (벼-담수어 복합생태농업이 논습지 식생다양성에 미치는 영향 분석)

  • Kong, Minjae;Kim, Changhyun;Lee, Sangmin;Park, Kwanglai;An, Nanhee;Cho, Junglai;Kim, Bongrae;Lim, Jongahk;Lee, Changwon;Kim, Hyeongsu;Nam, Hongsik;Son, Jinkwan
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.398-409
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    • 2018
  • Organic farming practices including loach based ecosystem-farming have been demonstrated to be effective in conjunction with rice farming to increase yield and quality. This new form of farming combines agriculture and fishery and is quickly developing into a new industry. The current study investigated the effect of rice-fish mixed farming system on the vegetation-diversity function. Vegetation within the four study sites was surveyed and analyzed based on plant taxonomy. The vegetation survey demonstrated that 127 taxa of 38 families, 100 genera, 107 species, and 20 varieties occurred within the study sites. A total of 15 plant species taxa occurred in the rice-fish mixed paddy fields with a fish habitat and did not occur in the conventional paddy field lacking fish habitat. This difference is thought to arise from differences in moisture requirements for vegetation. Life form analysis demonstrated differences in hemicryptophytes, therophytes, and hydrophytes according to fish habitat. The naturalized plants identified were also determined to be species widely distributed throughout Korea. Frequency analysis demonstrated that the rice-fish mixed paddy fields with a fish habitat had a high ratio of both obligate and facultative wetland plants relative to the conventional paddy field. Based on the study results, it is likely that vegetation-diversity will increase with environment diversity. However, no statistical significance was observed according to paddy types. Future research should aim to identify additional environmental factors, including the existence of fish habitat, habitat area, depth of fish habitat, hydrological parameters, water quality, and paddy soil environment, to enhance vegetation-diversity and biocultural diversity.