• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2018

This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the conservation priorities of unexecuted urban parks in Seoul both from an ecological and public perspective. To this end, two methodologies, ecological network analysis based on graph and circuit theory and accessibility analysis, were employed in order to assess ecological connectivity of and public accessibility to unexecuted parks, respectively. This study applied linkage-mapping methods (shortest path and current flow betweenness centrality) of connectivity analysis to an integrated map of landscape permeability. The population-weighted accessibility to unexecuted parks was measured based on a negative exponential distance decay function. As a result, for both ecological connectivity and accessibility, Gwanaksan, Suraksan, and Bulamsan urban natural parks are found to be the most important (rank 1-3) to be conserved. For these sites, inner park areas with conservation priorities for connectivity and accessibility were identified. The findings of the study can be used for giving conservation priority to the unexecuted urban parks in terms of long-term sustainable urban planning.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.63-77
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• 2006

The research aim is to classify biotope types of rural eco-villages designed by ministry of environment and analyze landscape ecological characteristics of them. This information would provide information on eco-villages' potential and specific needs to improve landscape ecological structure of eco-villages. Two eco-villages, designated by ministry of environment, in Yoocheon-ri and Sanduk-ri were selected and the landscape ecological metrics used in this study were Area, Shannon diversity index, Shape index, Distance index. The results are as follows. 1) There were five biotope types in large-scale classification, 13 biotope types m Sanduk-ri and 9 biotope types in Yoocheon-ri in middle-scale classification, 31 biotope types in Sanduk-ri and 24 biotope types in Yoocheon-ri in small-scale classification. 2) In the case of area, artificial biotope types, such as artificial forest, agricultural irrigation canal, wet paddy, dry paddy and residential area, covered more than 80% of total area. However, natural biotope types, such as natural forest, river, reservoir, covered just more than 10% of total area. In details, an orchard (26.69%) was the dominant biotope type, followed by artificial forest (19.10%) in Sanduk-ri and the first most abundant biotope type was artificial forest (49.71%), followed by wet paddy (15.95%) in Yoocheon-ri. 3) The result of Shannon diversity index indicated that Sanduk-ri (2.158) had more heterogeneity landscape, rather than Yoocheon-ri (2.051). 4) In the case of shape index, road (13.09) had more complex and irregular shape than either agricultural irrigation canal (3.35) or artificial forest (2.46) in Sanduk-ri. Road (6.52) was also the most irregular biotope shape, followed by river (5.70) and agricultural irrigation canal (4.78) in Yoocheon-ri. 5) Mean Nearest-neighbour Distance (MND) was smallest in wet paddy and dry paddy biotope types in the two study area, suggesting that these biotope types were concentrated within these study areas. From the result, this research suggested information to protect and improve biotopes of eco-villages in the landscape ecological terms. To achieve this improvement plan, there should be strong support by ministry of environment and local governments.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.287-297
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• 2016

This study aims to identify the relationship between climatic factors and stand mean Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) for two major tree species; Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica in Andong-dam basin. Forest variables such as age, diameter distribution and number of trees per hectare from the $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ National Forest Inventory data were used to develop a DBH estimation model. Climate data were collected from six meteorological observatory station and twelve Automatic Weather System provided by Korea Meteorological Administration to produce interpolated daily average temperature map with Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method. Andong-dam basin reflects rugged mountainous terrain, so temperature were adjusted by lapse rate based correction. As a result, predictions of model were consistent with the previous studies; that the rising temperature is negatively related to the growth of Pinus densiflora whereas opposing trend is observed for Quercus mongolica.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.213-222
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• 2004

Exergy is defined as the amount of work (entropy-free energy) a system can perform when it is brought into thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment. Exergy measures the distance from the inorganic soup in energy terms. Therefore, exergy can be considered as fuel for any system that converts energy and matter in a metabolic process. The aim of this study is to introduce structural dynamic modelling which is based on maximum exergy principle. Especially, almost ecological models couldn't explain algal succession until now. New model (structural dynamic model) is anticipated to predict or explain the succession theory. If the new concept using maximum exergy principle is used, algal succession can be explained in many actual cases. Therefore, It is estimated that structural dynamic model using maximum exergy principle might be a excellent tool to understand succession of nature from now on.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1987

The concentrations of lead and cadmium in each organ of the rats were measured by the different distance from the Kyungbu highway at Yangjae-dong, Seoul and control site, Dongguk university forest at Mt. Unack, Namyanghu-gun, Kyunggi from 1984 to 1986. The lead was concentrated in the bone with the least. The lead concentration in the bone of the rats inhabiting within 10m from the highway was determined more than 5 times of the control site and significantly this was inversely proportional to the distance from the highway. The cadmium, in the other hand, was specifically concentrated in the kidney as compared with other oragns i.e., the decreasing order of the kidney within 10m from the highway was more than 3 times of that of the control, although the concentration in the organs was not significantly related with the distance from the highway.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2024

This study examined the spatial morphological patterns of forest habitats and the characteristics of roadkill occurrences in the forests of Mungyeong, Yecheon, Yeongju, Andong, and Bonghwa in Gyeongsangbukdo. It involved building a resistance map between habitats and analyzing connectivity based on the least-cost distance. The analysis of the distance between the forest habitat Cores derived from MSPA and roadkill points showed that roadkill occurrences were concentrated approximately 74.11 m away from the Cores, with most roadkills happening within 360m from the habitats. The connectivity analysis between core habitats larger than 1 km² revealed 141 core habitats and 242 least-cost paths between them. The corridor distance value was found to be highest in Mungyeong city, indicating an urgent need for strategies to enhance habitat connectivity there. This research is expected to serve as foundational data for developing strategies to enhance ecosystem connectivity and restore habitats, by analyzing ecosystem connectivity and roadkill issues due to habitat fragmentation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.493-505
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• 1998

To study vegetation structure and distance between trees of Pinus densiflora forest in Chayang-chon area, Soraksan National Park, thirty-nine plots(10m$\times$10m) were established. They were classified into two communities by TWINSPAN and DCA technique. In the Community I, P. densiflora(DBH 35~75cm, height 9~16m, age 60~80) dominated in canopy and were predicted to be changed by deciduous broad-leaved trees also. In the Community II, P. densiflora(DBH 9~26.5cm, height 9~16m, age 30~50m) dominated in canopy. It seemed that the community II would maintain P. densiflora community for a long time since P. densiflora dominated in both canopy and understory. Shonnon's diversity index was higher in the community II(1.4247) than in the community I(1.2978). The distantes between canopy trees were 4.92$\pm $2.14m in the community I and 2.41$\pm $0.97m in the community II. The regression between DBH in canpy and ecological distance was Y(Distance) = 0.06355$\times $(DBH)+1.51613.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.205-210
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• 2013

Cicuta virosa L. (Apiaceae) is a perennial emergent plant designated as an endangered species in South Korea. According to the former records, only four natural habitats remain in South Korea. A former study suggested that three of four populations (Pyeongchang: PC, Hoengseong: HS, Gunsan: GS) would be classified as different ecotypes based on their different morphological characteristics and life cycle under different environmental conditions. To evaluate this suggestion, we estimated genetic diversity in each population and distance among three populations by random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Seven random primers generated a total of 61 different banding positions, 36 (59%) of them were polymorphic. Nei's gene diversity and the Shannon diversity index increased in the order of PC < HS < GS, which is the same order of population size. In the two-dimensional (2D) plot of first two principal components in principal component analysis with the presence of 61 loci, individuals could be grouped as three populations easily (proportion of variance = 0.6125). Nei's genetic distance for the three populations showed the same tendency with the geographical distance within three populations. And it is also similar to the result of discriminant analysis with the morphological or life-cycle factors from the previous study. From the results, we concluded that three different populations of C. virosa should be classified as ecotypes based on not only morphology and phenology but genetic differences in terms of diversity and distance as well.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2011

This study was established to build and suggest the Ecological Performance Standards for replaced wetlands as the mitigation strategies for the construction projects. The request performance and assessment factors and standards were derived by bibliographic review and verified by the field survey for the reference wetlands. And the weights for each factor were derived by AHP(Analytical Hierarchy Process) method. The results are as follows : 1) Assessment factors were induced by in-depth research of many wetland assessment models and benchmarks evaluated ecological functions. This study proposed final 12 assessment factors through ecological specialist and experts interviews added with literature analysis. 2) 10 natural wetlands were selected as Reference Wetlands as the measure to propose assessment factors and assessment criteria. Those reference wetlands are well-conserved inland natural wetlands classified to the one having worthy to conserve (grade "high") according to RAM(Rapid Assessment Method). Reference wetlands chosen by the study are Parksilji, Jeongyangji, Mulkubi, Bawineupkubi, Jilnalneup, Jinchonneup, Doomoso, Haepyung wetland, Whangjeong wetland, and Whapo wetland. The research developed assessment criteria for the performance assessment factors based on several explorations of the reference wetlands. 3) "Requiring performance" of replaced wetlands is defined as "to carry out similar or same ecological functions provided by natural wetlands", in overall. The detailed requiring performances are as follows; ${\bullet}$ to play a role of wildlife habitats ${\bullet}$ to have biological diversity ${\bullet}$ to connect with other ecosystems ${\bullet}$ to provide water environment to perform good ecological functions 4) The assessment factors for required performance are categorized by wildlife habitat function, biological diversity, connectivity of adjacent ecosystem, and water environment. Wildlife habitat category is consisted of wildlife habitat creation, size of replacement wetland, and site suitability. Biological diversity category contains the number of plant species, the number of wildlife species, and number of protected species as the sub-factors. Connectivity of adjacent ecosystem is comprised of wildlife corridor, green network and distance from other ecosystem. Finally, water environment make up with water quality, depth of water body, and shape of waterfront. 5) Finally, every assessment factors were verified and weighted by the AHP methods and the final standards were proposed. The weights of factors of requiring performance suggested as habitat (0.280), connectivity (0.261), diversity (0.260), hydraulic environment (0.199). And those of detailed sub-factors are site suitability (0.118), protected species (0.096), distance to neighbor ecosystem (0.093), habitat creating (0.091), green corridor (0.090) etc.

• ALGAE
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.283-294
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• 2012

The physico-chemical and environmental factors of stoneworks were examined from March 2009 to October 2010, and aerial algae living on 24 stoneworks in Korea were identified. Fifty aerial algae were found in 24 stoneworks. Of the 50 taxa, 30 taxa were cyanophytes, 16 taxa were bacillariophytes, 3 taxa were chlorophytes, and 1 taxon was a xanthophyte. Nine species, including Aphanocapsa rivularis, which is known to only live in aquatic conditions, inhabited both aquatic and aerial environments. Synechococcus aeruginosus, Scytonema coactile var. thermalis, S. coactile var. minor, Stigonema ocellatum f. ocellatum, and Oscillatoria boryana were newly recorded in Korea. As a result of a correlation analysis between algae and the physico-chemical and ecological environmental factors, the taxa were divided into the bryophyte group, the humidity group, and the dry group. Although the bryophyte group was included within the humidity group, it was separated from the dry group. Taxa in the bryophyte group including Nostoc commune which was distributed in more humid areas than those in the humidity group. However, dry group taxa including Chroococcus pallidus were distributed in lower humidity than that of the two other groups. Correlations among other environmental factors were tested to identify other factors that could substitute for humidity and light intensity. As a result, tree distance, water distance, and plant coverage were replaceable environmental factors.