• 제목/요약/키워드: ECF

검색결과 82건 처리시간 0.024초

$CaSO_4:Dy$ 열형광선량계의 소자보정인자(ECF) 산출 (Measurement of ECF for $CaSO_4:Dy$ Thermoluminescent Dosimeters)

  • 임길성;김장렬
    • Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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    • 제30권4호
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    • pp.231-236
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    • 2005
  • 열형광선량계의 TL 소자는 동일한 제조공정에 의해 생산되지만 소자의 반응도가 선량계 별로 편차가 있고, 반복사용 또는 외부로부터의 물리적 자극에 의해 반응도가 조금씩 감소한다. 이러한 반응도 감소를 기준선량제의 평균반응값에 맞추어지도록 보정해 주는 인자가 소자보정이자(ECF)이다. 열형광선량계(TLD)의 ECF 측정절차에 대해 자세히 기술하였으며 319개의 기준선량계, 교정용선량계, 현장선량제의 ECF를 3회 측정하여 평균값을 구하였다. 또한 3회 측정에 대한 %CV를 구하여 ECF 측정값을 검증하였다. 선량계 종류별 용도별로 ECF값의 부포를 구했으며, %CV값의 분포도 나타내었다. 현장선량계는 지난 3년동안 6회정도 사용되었는데 ECF값의 변화가 거의 없었고, 보다 빈번하게 사용된 교정용선량계의 ECF값은 평균 4.7% 증가하였다.

평면형 ECF 펌프를 이용한 전자기기 액체냉각 시스템 (Liquid Cooling System Using Planar ECF Pump for Electronic Devices)

  • 서우석;함영복;박중호;윤소남;양순용
    • 한국정밀공학회지
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    • 제24권12호
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    • pp.95-103
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    • 2007
  • This paper presents a liquid cooling concept for heat rejection of high power electronic devices existing in notebook computers etc. The design, fabrication, and performance of the planar ECF pump and farced-liquid cooling system are summarized. The electro-conjugate fluid (ECF) is a kind of dielectric and functional fluids, which generates jet flows (ECF-jets) by applying static electric field through a pair of rod-like electrodes. The ECF-jet directly acts on the working fluid, so the proposed planar ECF pump needs no moving part, produces no vibration and noise. The planar ECF pump, consists of a pump housing and electrode substrate, achieves maximum flow rate and output pressure of $5.5\;cm^3/s$ and 7.2 kPa, respectively, at an applied voltage of 2.0 kV. The farced-liquid cooling system, constructed with the planar ECF pump, liquid-cooled heat sink and thermal test chip, removes input power up to 80 W keeping the chip surface temperature below $70\;^{\circ}C$. The experimental results demonstrate that the feasibility of forced-liquid cooling system using ECF is confirmed as an advanced cooling solution on the next-generation high power electronic devices.

유기농 시설하우스 토양에서 유박 시용이 토양특성 및 적겨자 생육에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Expeller Cake Fertilizer Application on Soil Properties and Red Mustard (Brassica Juncea L.) Yield in Soil of Organic Farm of Plastic Film Greenhouse)

  • 김갑철;안병구;김형국;정성수
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제45권6호
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    • pp.1022-1026
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    • 2012
  • 적겨자 유기농 재배를 위한 유기질비료 유박의 적정시용 기준을 마련하고자 시설하우스에서 유박비료를 질소성분량 $70kg\;ha^{-1}$ (ECF 100)을 기준으로 35 (ECF 50), 52.5 (ECF 75), 105 (ECF 150) kg $ha^{-1}$ 수준으로 처리하여 토양환경, 적겨자 생육 및 수량특성을 조사하였다. 시험 후 토양 pH는 유박 시용 전에 비해 낮아졌으며, 유박 시용량에 따른 pH는 5.7~5.9 범위로 차이는 없었다. EC는 $3.40{\sim}3.54dS\;m^{-1}$, 인산은 $580{\sim}618mg\;kg^{-1}$로 유박 시용량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향이었으며, K, Ca, Mg 등의 양이온도 증가하였으나 유의성은 없었다. 호기성 세균과 방선균, Dehydrogenase 활성은 각각 $35.0{\sim}48.5{\times}10^6$, $15.2{\sim}19.3{\times}10^4$ CFU soil $g^{-1}$, $34.6{\sim}38.2mg\;kg^{-1}$ 범위이며, 사상균도 시용량에 따라 $37.2{\sim}39.5{\times}10^4$ CFU soil $g^{-1}$이었으나, 유의성은 없었다. 수확기 적겨자 잎의 T-N는 $63.2{\sim}66.4g\;kg^{-1}$, K는 $55.1{\sim}56.4g\;kg^{-1}$, Ca는 $8.6{\sim}9.5g\;kg^{-1}$, P는 $5.7{\sim}6.3g\;kg^{-1}$ 범위였다. 유박비료의 질소이용율은 38~52% 이었으며, 유박비료 시용량이 많을수록 질소이용율은 적어지는 경향이었다. 적겨자의 수량은 유박비료 시용량에 따라 $13,670{\sim}14,460kg\;ha^{-1}$ 범위로 유박비료 시용량이 증가해도 수량 증수는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 적겨자 재배시 최고 수량보다는 경제적이고 친환경적인 양분관리가 필요한데, ECF 50 ($924kg\;ha^{-1}$), 75 ($1,386kg\;ha^{-1}$) 시험구에 시용한 시용량 정도로 적겨자 재배시 유박비료 시용기준으로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

유기농 시설하우스 토양에서 유박 시용이 토양특성 및 다채 생육에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Expeller Cake Fertilizer on Soil Properties and Tah Tasai Chinese Cabbage Yield in Organic Greenhouse Farm)

  • 김갑철;안병구;고도영;김주;정성수
    • 한국환경농학회지
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    • 제33권3호
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    • pp.149-154
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    • 2014
  • 다채 유기농 재배를 위한 유기질비료 유박의 적정시용기준을 마련하고자 시설하우스에서 유박비료를 질소성분량 70 kg/ha(ECF 100)을 기준으로 35(ECF 50), 52.5(ECF 75), 105(ECF 150) kg/ha 수준으로 처리하여 토양환경, 다채 생육 및 수량특성을 조사하였다. 시험 후 토양 pH는 유박 시용전에 비해 낮아졌으며, 유박 시용량에 따른 pH는 5.8~6.0 범위로 차이는 없었다. EC는 2.24~3.09 dS/m, 인산은 484~587 mg/kg로 유박 시용량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향이었으며, Ca, Mg 등의 양이온도 증가하였으나 유의성은 없었다. 호기성 세균과 방선균, Dehydrogenase 활성은 각각 $22.5{\sim}29.1{\times}10^6$, $22.3{\sim}28.5{\times}10^4$ CFU soil/g, 22.1~25.1 mg/kg 범위이며, 사상균도 시용량에 따라 $33.4{\sim}39.1{\times}10^4$ CFU soil/g 이었으나 유의성은 없었다. 수확기 다채 잎의 T-N은 62.2~66.5 g/kg, K는 44.3~48.7 g/kg, Ca는 5.1~5.9 g/kg, P는 5.9~6.2 g/kg 범위였다. 유박비료의 질소이용율은 39.4~51.6% 이었으며, 유박비료 시용량이 많을수록 질소이용율은 적어지는 경향이었다. 다채의 수량은 유박비료 시용량에 따라 12,431~12,730 kg/ha 범위로 유박비료 시용량이 증가해도 수량증수는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 다채 재배시 최고 수량보다는 경제적이고 친환경적인 양분관리가 필요한데, 본 시험에서는 질소 42 kg/ha 시비량으로 최고수량의 95% 수준인 12,396 kg/ha 얻을 수 있었다.

양돈농가에서 퇴비화시설별 수분변화량 분석에 관한 연구 (Investigation on the Amount of Water Evaporation from Composting Facilities Operated in Swine Farms)

  • 곽정훈;최동윤;박치호;정장화;김재환;유용희;전병수;라창식
    • 한국축산시설환경학회지
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.193-200
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    • 2008
  • 양돈농가에서 설치되어 운영되고 있는 퇴비화시설에 대한 수분 증발량에 대한 조사결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 돼지사육 두수는 단순 퇴비사 1,433두/호, 기계교반 퇴비화 시설 설치농가는 3,500두/호 이었다. 2. 퇴비화시설의 용적은 단순 퇴비사 $0.33m^3$/두, 기계교반 퇴비화시설 설치농가는 $0.25m^3$/두로 퇴비화시설 용적이 약 24.2% 정도 적은 것으로 조사되었다. 3. 조사농가의 수거돈분의 평균 수분 함량은 단순퇴비사 86.8%, 기계교반 85.7%로 기계교반 퇴비화시설 설치농가의 돈분의 수분 함량이 약 1.3% 정도 낮은 것으로 조사되었다. 4. 1일 투입되는 수분량은 단순 퇴비사 $4.1kg/m^3$/일, 기계교반 퇴비화시설 설치농가는 $6.5kg/m^3$/일로 기계교반 설치농가에서 약 36.9% 정도 단위면적당 수분량이 높게 투입되는 것으로 조사되었다. 5. 퇴비화기간동안의 발효온도는 단순퇴비화 시설에서 최고온도가 $45^{\circ}C$ 정도 상승하였으나, 기계교반 퇴비화시설 설치농가에서의 최고 발효온도는 $70^{\circ}C$까지 상승하는 것으로 조사되었다. 6. 수분 감소량은 퇴비화 시설 $1m^3$당 단순퇴비사 3.7 kg, 기계교반 5.2 kg으로 기계교반 퇴비화 시설이 약 28.8% 높은 것으로 조사되었는데 이는 퇴비더미내 발효온도 차이에 의한 원인인 것으로 판단되어졌다. 7. 퇴비화후 비료성분 함량은 질소 함량은 각각 0.84% 및 0.86%로 비슷한 경향으로 조사되었으며, ${P_2}{O_5}$(%) 성분도 0.78% 및 0.74%로 단순퇴비화시설에서 약간 높은 경향을 보였다. 그러나 OM 및 OM/N은 처리간에 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 8. 따라서 양돈농가에서의 기계교반 및 단순퇴비화 시설을 이용하여 돈분뇨를 퇴비화하는 경우 돈분의 수분함량과 발효온도 및 수분 증발가능량 등을 고려하여 퇴비화 효율을 향상시키는 노력이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

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Efficacy and Safety of Docetaxel or Epirubicin, Combined with Cisplatin and Fluorouracil, (DCF and ECF) Regimens as First Line Chemotherapy for Advanced Gastric Cancer: a Retrospective Analysis from Turkey

  • Teker, Fatih;Yilmaz, Bahiddin;Kemal, Yasemin;Kut, Engin;Yucel, Idris
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제15권16호
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    • pp.6727-6732
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    • 2014
  • Objectives: Advanced gastric cancer (AGC) patients have a poor prognosis. The best benefit of chemotherapy is usually achieved by first line setting. Very few studies have compared combination regimens. This study was designed to compare two combination regimens. Methods: Patients with advanced gastric cancer receiving first line chemotherapy were retrospectively collected, and divided into two groups, receiving DCF (docetaxel, cisplatin and fluorouracil) or ECF (epirubicin, cisplatin and fluorouracil) regimens. Data were collected for the retrospective analysis in a single center. Results: Eighty-six patients were eligible for analysis. Median overall survival (OS) was 10.0 months in the ECF group and 11.0 months in the DCF group (p=0.31). Median progression free survival (PFS) for ECF and DCF was equal at 6.0 months. Second line chemotherapy were administered in more than one third of patients. Both regimens had similar toxicity. Conclusions: This is the first study investigating the outcomes of gastric cancer chemotherapy in this region. ECF and DCF regimens have similar efficacy and a similar tolerability profile for first line treatment of advanced gastric cancer. The decision of the first line chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer could be improved with patient selection according to clinical parameters and molecular markers.

Postnatal Changes in Atrial Compliance and Stretch-Induced ANP Secretion in Rabbits

  • Kim, Suhn-Hee;Lee, Kyung-Sun;Kim, Sung-Zoo;Seul, Kyung-Hwan;Cho, Kyung-Woo
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제4권5호
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    • pp.393-401
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    • 2000
  • To define the postnatal changes in ANP secretion in response to mechanical stretch and atrial compliance, experiments have been done in perfused nonbeating rabbit atria with different ages: 1-day, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 8-wk-old. In 1-day-old-rabbits, an increase in intraatrial pressure resulted in an increase in atrial volume, which was higher than that in 1-wk-old rabbits. Increases in atrial volume stimulated the secretion of ANP with concomitant translocation of extracellular fluid (ECF) into the atrial lumen. However, mechanically stimulated ECF translocation was lower in 1-day-old rabbits than that in 1-wk-old rabbits. Therefore, positive relationship between mechanically stimulated ECF translocation and ANP secretion was shifted upward in 1-day-old rabbits, as compared to 1-wk-old rabbits. Changes in atrial volume and ECF translocation were gradually increased with aging and reached the peak value at 4 wk. The stretch-induced ANP secretion in terms of ECF translocation (the interstitial ANP concentration) was also increased with aging and reached the peak value at 4 wk. The interstitial ANP concentration was dependent on the atrial content of ANP. These data suggest that the higher level of atrial ANP secretion is related to the postnatal changes in atrial volume and unidentified factor.

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Epoxy/BaTiO3 (SrTiO3) composite films and pastes for high dielectric constant and low tolerance embedded capacitors fabrication in organic substrates

  • Paik Kyung-Wook;Hyun Jin-Gul;Lee Sangyong;Jang Kyung-Woon
    • 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2005년도 ISMP
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    • pp.201-212
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    • 2005
  • [ $Epoxy/BaTiO_3$ ] composite embedded capacitor films (ECFs) were newly designed fur high dielectric constant and low tolerance (less than ${\pm}15\%$) embedded capacitor fabrication for organic substrates. In terms of material formulation, ECFs are composed of specially formulated epoxy resin and latent curing agent, and in terms of coating process, a comma roll coating method is used for uniform film thickness in large area. Dielectric constant of $BaTiO_3\;&\;SrTiO_3$ composite ECF is measured with MIM capacitor at 100 kHz using LCR meter. Dielectric constant of $BaTiO_3$ ECF is bigger than that of $SrTiO_3$ ECF, and it is due to difference of permittivity of $BaTiO_3\;and\;SrTiO_3$ particles. Dielectric constant of $BaTiO_3\;&\;SrTiO_3$ ECF in high frequency range $(0.5\~10GHz)$ is measured using cavity resonance method. In order to estimate dielectric constant, the reflection coefficient is measured with a network analyzer. Dielectric constant is calculated by observing the frequencies of the resonant cavity modes. About both powders, calculated dielectric constants in this frequency range are about 3/4 of the dielectric constants at 1 MHz. This difference is due to the decrease of the dielectric constant of epoxy matrix. For $BaTiO_3$ ECF, there is the dielectric relaxation at $5\~9GHz$. It is due to changing of polarization mode of $BaTiO_3$ powder. In the case of $SrTiO_3$ ECF, there is no relaxation up to 10GHz. Alternative material for embedded capacitor fabrication is $epoxy/BaTiO_3$ composite embedded capacitor paste (ECP). It uses similar materials formulation like ECF and a screen printing method for film coating. The screen printing method has the advantage of forming capacitor partially in desired part. But the screen printing makes surface irregularity during mask peel-off, Surface flatness is significantly improved by adding some additives and by applying pressure during curing. As a result, dielectric layer with improved thickness uniformity is successfully demonstrated. Using $epoxy/BaTiO_3$ composite ECP, dielectric constant of 63 and specific capacitance of 5.1nF/cm2 were achieved.

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Treatment of cutting-oily wastewater by electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) process: Modeling approach

  • Chawaloesphosiya, Nattawin;Mongkolnauwarat, Jittrapa;Prommajun, Chayanin;Wongwailikhit, Kritchart;Painmanakul, Pisut
    • Environmental Engineering Research
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.392-396
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    • 2015
  • This work aims to investigate the oily wastewater treatment by the electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) and propose a mathematical model for the efficiency prediction. Cutting oil was used to prepare the synthetic oily wastewater with submicron droplet sizes. The chemical coagulation by aluminium sulfate was firstly tested following by the electrocoagulation-flotation with aluminium electrodes. Both processes gave the effective treatment performance with the efficiencies higher than 90%. However, the ECF consumed less aluminium dosage as well as produced less sludge, which were its advantage on the chemical coagulation. The performance of the ECF was found to be affected by the current density, oil concentration, and reaction time according to the analysis by the design of experiment (DOE). Finally, the prediction model was proposed by two approaches, including linear and logarithm function. The latter model gave more accuracy prediction results in terms of treatment efficiency and duration in the lag and stable stages.