• Title/Summary/Keyword: ECE R44

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Discussion on Dilution Factor for Electrical Conductivity Measured by Saturation-paste Extract and 1:5 Soil to Water Extract, and CEC of Korean Soils (한국 토양에 대한 포화침출액법과 1:5 법에 의한 전기전도도 간의 희석배수와 CEC의 관계에 대한 고찰)

  • Jung, Yeong-Sang;Joo, Jin-Ho;Hong, Sun-Dal;Lee, In-Bog;Ro, Hee-Myong
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.34 no.1
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    • pp.71-75
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    • 2001
  • Linear regression analyses between the electrical conductivity of the saturation-paste extract. ECe, and the electrical conductivity of the 1:5 soil extract, EC1:5, for different soils yielded different dilution factors, or slopes with significant $r^2$ values from 0.842 to 0.905. The dilution factor was inversely proportional to the cation exchange capacity of soil which reflected textural difference. The dilution factors recommended for different textural classes ranged from 6.44 for clay soil to 12.29 for sandy soil based on the CEC's of the textural classes among 350 surface soils recorded in the Taxonomical Classification of Korean Soils except volcanic ash derived soils. Though saturation percentage of the saturation-paste of the soils in this study, CEC should be taken into account for dilution factor between ECe and EC1:5, and the suggested dilution factors might be reasonable estimate for the soil textural classes.

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Experiments of CRS for Safety Improvement (어린이보호용좌석 효과의 실험적 연구)

  • 이재완;박형원;윤경한;박경진
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.79-85
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    • 2003
  • The child restraint system is blown to be excellent to reduce child occupant injury in frontal collisions. The effects of the child restraint system are experimently investigated according to FMVSS 213. A sled simulator is utilized with varying restraint types such as 2point, 3point seat belts, forward-facing types and booster types of child restraint systems. The head and chest injuries for various cases are evaluated based on industrial standards. Also, the maximum displacements of the head and the knees are measured by film analysis. Using the results of the test, the effects of the child restraint system is discussed and reduction of child occupant injury is pursued.

INJURY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

  • Shin, Y.J.;Kim, H.;Kim, S.B.;Kim, H.Y.
    • International Journal of Automotive Technology
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.185-191
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    • 2007
  • The new FMVSS 208, 213, 225 regulations include automatic suppression of airbags to prevent low-risk airbag deployment and the use of child seats with a rigid-bar anchor system. The regulations mean that children must sit in the rear seat, but do not include other specific safety measures for their protection. In the rear, restraint equipment consists of three-point shoulder/lap belts for the outside seats and a static two-point lap belt in the middle, with no additional devices such as pretensioners or load limiters; this is far from optimal for children. This study investigated injury rates using a 3-year-old-child dummy. ECE R44 sled tests used a booster, a speed of 48 km/h, and a 26- to 32-g rectangular deceleration pulse. While seated on a booster, the dummies were restrained by an adult shoulder/lap three-point belt. HIC_15 msec, Chest G and Nij were somewhat lower with an emergency locking retractor (ELR)+pretensioner+load limiter than with only an ELR or with ELR+pretensioner. However, the current seat-belt system results in injury rates that exceed the limit for OOP performance under the new FMVSS 208 regulations.