• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.175-175
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• 1996

The spinal dorsal horn is the area where primary afferent fibers terminate and cutaneous sensory information is Processed. A number of putative neurotransmitter substances, including excitatory and inhibitory amino acids and peptides, are present in this region and sites and cellular mechanisms of their actions have been a target of numerous studies. In this study, single neurons were acutely isolated and the properties of whole cell current and responses to excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters were studied by the patch clamp method. Young rats (7-14 days) were anesthetized with diethyl-ether, and the lumbar spinal cord was excised and cut transversely at a thickness of 30$\mu\textrm{m}$ by Vibroslicer. The treatment of spinal slices with low concentration of proteases (pronase and thermolysin 0.75 mg/$m\ell$) and mechanical dissociation yielded isolated neurons with near intact morphology. Multipolar, ellipsoidal and bipolar, and pyramidal cells were shown. By applying step voltage pulses to neurons held at -70 mV, two types of inward currents and one outward currents observed. The fast activating and inactivating inward current was the Na$\^$+/ current because of its fast kinetics and blocking by 0.5${\mu}$M TTX, a specific blocker of Na$\^$+/ channel. The second type of inward currents were sustained. Based on their kinetics and current-voltage relations, it was likely that the second type of inward current was the voltage-dependent Ca$\^$2+/ current. In the presence of TTX, the steady-state currents mainly represented outward K$\^$+/ current which looked like the delayed rectifier K$\^$+/ current. In addition, the membrane currents produced by agonist of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor and the endogenous transmitter candidate L-glutamate were recorded in isolated whole-cell voltage clamped neurons as well as responses to inhibitory amino acids (${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid, glycine). Drugs were applied by a method that allows complete exchange of the solution within 1 sec; an infinite number of solutions can be applied to a single cell.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.434-447
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• 2014

Though the edible bovine by-products are widely used for human consumption in most countries worldwide but the scientific information regarding the nutritional quality of these by-products is scarce. In the present study, the basic information regarding the yields, physicochemical and nutritional compositions of edible Hanwoo bovine by-products was studied. Our results showed that the yields, physicochemical and nutritional composition widely varied between the by-products examined. The highest pH values were found in rumen, reticulum, omasum and reproductive organ. Heart, liver, kidney and spleen had the lowest CIE $L^*$ values and highest CIE $a^*$ values. Liver had the highest vitamin A, B2 and niacin contents whereas the highest B1 and B5 contents were found in kidney. The highest Ca content was found in rumen, reticulum, omasum, head and leg while the highest Mn and Fe contents were found in rumen, omasum and spleen, respectively. Liver had the highest Cu content. Total essential amino acids (EAA)/amino acids (AA) ratios ranged between the by-products from 38.37% to 47.41%. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels ranged between the by-products from 2.26% to 26.47%, and most by-products showed favorable PUFA/SFA ratios. It is concluded that most of by-products examined are good sources of essential nutrients and these data will be of great importance for promotion of consumption and utilization of beef by-products in future.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 2013

The marine microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. was cultured under a metal halide lamp (MH) or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of various wavelengths (blue, LB; red, LR; yellow, LY; green, LG; white, LW); changes in growth, total carotenoid, chlorophyll a, amino acid and fatty acid profiles were investigated. LB-exposed cultures exhibited the highest specific growth rate (SGR) (0.32), whereas LY-exposed cultures showed the lowest SGR (0.18). After cultivation for 9 days, the maximum dry cell weight (g/L) of LB-exposed cultures was significantly higher than that of those exposed to other light conditions (LB>MH>LW$${\geq_-}LG{\geq_-}$$LR>LY). The essential amino acid (EAA, %) contents of cultures exposed to LG, LB, LR and MH were higher than those exposed to LY and LW (P<0.05). Eicosapentaenoic acid and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid levels were significantly higher in MH-exposed cultures compared to those exposed to LY (P<0.05), with no marked difference compared to those exposed to LB, LG, LR and LW (P>0.05). The total carotenoid content was highest in LR-exposed cultures (18.0 mg/L), whereas MH showed the lowest (11.8 mg/L; P<0.05). Chlorophyll a content was highest in cultures exposed to LR compared to other light sources. These results suggest consistent differences in growth and biochemical composition after exposure to light of different wavelengths.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.785-791
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• 2016

Seasonal variation in the composition and fatty acid, amino acid, cholesterol, and vitamin contents in the muscles of the mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri, caught in Soyangho Lake, Korea, was studied. The moisture content was 74.5-78.7 g/100 g, lipids ranged between 1.06 and 4.23 g/100 g, protein between 18.5-20.7 g/100 g, and ash between 0.74 and 2.04 g/100 g. The moisture content was lowest in May and tended to increase from June to October. The highest protein levels occurred in May, which coincided with the timing of oocyte maturation, and then decreased at the beginning of spawning. The highest lipid levels occurred in May and November coinciding with the periods before spawning and hibernation. The ratio of EAA/NEAA was higher than the value recommended by FAO for an 'ideal' food protein. There were significant differences in Mg and Fe contents with spawning; they were highest in May. Contents of vitamin A and E were from not detected (ND) to $17.1{\mu}g/100g$ and ND to 0.69 mg/100 g, respectively and were highest in November. The content of niacin tended to decrease in June and increased until November and hibernation. The cholesterol content was 14.9-78.9 mg/100 g; it decreased from March to July and then increased until November. In conclusion, there is potential for expanding the commercial utilization of the mandarin fish as a food resource.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the feeding level of cracked whole barley (CWB) on fatty acid composition, free amino acid content, organic acid content, pH, HDL cholesterol, total phenol and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of finishing Hanwoo steers. The dietary treatments were consisted of five types (C: base feed + 0% CWB, T1: base feed + 10% CWB, T2: base feed + 20% CWB, T3: base feed + 30% CWB, T4: base feed + 40% CWB). A total 30 Hanwoo steers(588.6${\pm}$11.8kg) were allocated into 5 feeding groups, and a total of thirty Hanwoo steers raised from 24 to 30 months. Linoleic acid of fatty acid composition was significantly higher for cracked CWB treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4) than C, and T3 of CWB treatments was the highest than the other treatments (P<0.01). SFA, USFA, MUFA and USFA/SFA did not differ among the treatments. On the contrary, PUFA was significantly higher for CWB treatments(T1, T2, T3, and T4) than C, and T3 was the highest (P<0.05). EAA was higher in the order of T1 > T2 > C > T3 > T4 (P<0.05). NEAA was higher in the order of T2 >T3 >T1 >C >T4, although a statistical significance was not detected. The total organic acid content was the highest for T3 (20.15 mg/100g) and the lowest for T2 (13.19mg/100g). pH and total phenol of all treatments were did not differ. HDL cholesterol was higher in the order of T1 > C > T4 > T2 > T3 (P<0.01). DPPH radical scavenging activity was in order of T1 > T2 >T4 > C > T3 (P<0.01). Based on the above results, T1 treatment compared to other treatments have been shown to improve EAA, DHL, and DPPH radical scavenging activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.655-667
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding a low CP diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids on performance, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed under a three-phase feeding regimen. Ninety-six finishing pigs (Landrace$\times$Large White$\times$Duroc), $55.75kg{\pm}0.65$ of initial body weight, were blocked by weight and sex and allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized block design. There were six pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. Pigs were fed a 16%-14%-12% CP (for phase I-II-III, respectively), sequence of diets. Dietary treatments were 1) Control, 2) Con+L (a sequence of diets reduced in CP by l percentage unit with lysine (L) supplementation, 3) Con+LMT (a sequence of diets reduced in CP by 2 percentage unit with LYS, methionine (MET) and threonine (THE) supplementation) and 4) Con+LMTT (a sequence of diets reduced in CP by 3 percentage unit with LYS, MET, THR and tryptophan (TRP) supplementation). The finishing period (55 to 105 kg) was divided into three phases (55 to 72 kg, 72 to 90 kg and 90 to 105 kg). Pigs fed either the control or Con+L diet grew faster (p<0.05) than pigs fed the Con-LMT or Con+LMTT diet. There was no difference in ADFI among dietary treatments. Phosphorus (P) digestibility was lowest in the control group and highest in the Con+LMTT group (p<0.05). Within each phase, no significant differences in dry matter (DM) and CP digestibilities were found. Although some amino acid digestibilities were affected by dietary treatments, digestibilities of essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid were not significantly influenced by dietary treatments. For the entire experiment periods, Con+L, Con+LMT and Con+LMTT treatments resulted in 13.4, 18.8 and 21.6% lower total N excretion compared with the control. Con+LMT and Con+LMTT treatments showed significantly lower BUN concentration compared with the control and Con+L treatment (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in BUN concentration between pigs fed the control and Con+L treatment or between pigs fed Con+LMT and Con+LMTT treatments (p>0.05). Carcass length, backfat thickness and carcass grade were not significantly affected by dietary treatments (p>0.05). In conclusion, reducing dietary CP level by 1 percentage unit and supplementing only LYS at each phase could be a very beneficial feeding strategy for finishing pigs fed under a three phase feeding regimen in terms of both environmental and economical aspects.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.117-117
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• 2003

체외에서 한우 난포란의 감수분열과 배발달 능력의 획득에는 단백질 합성이 수반되어야 한다. 그러나 이러한 변화와 관련된 연구 보고는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 본 실험은 난자의 핵성숙과 관련된 세포질내 단백질 변화를 파악하기 위하여, 체외성숙 시간에 다른 배발달율과 세포질내 단백질을 비교하여 배발달능력 획득과 관련 있는 단백질을 규명하고자 실시하였다. 한우 난소에서 2-8mm의 가시난포로부터 난포란을 회수하였다. 회수된 난포란은 10% FBS와 호르몬이 첨가된 TCM199 용액에서 18시간 또는 24시간 체외성숙을 실시하였다. 난자 세포질내 단백질 변화는 2D gel electrophoresis를 이용하였고, 유의적인 변화를 나타낸 spot은 peptide mass fingerprinting을 통하여 단백질 동정을 실시하였다. 체외수정은 fer-TALP 용액을, 체외배양은 CR1aa 용액을 배양 3일째까지는 0.3% BSA, 그 이후에는 10% FBS와 난관상피세포를 첨가하여 사용하였다. 통계분석은 t-test를 이용하였다. 난자의 세포질에 대한 이차원전기영동 결과 29개의 단백질 spot들을 확인하였다. 한편 체외성숙 18시간째에 PB가 출현된 난자는 PB가 출현되지 않은 난자에 비하여 15개의 spot에서 유의적인 변화를 나타냈다. 이들 중 4개의 단백질 spot은 낮았고, 11개 spot의 수준은 높은 경향이었다. 체외성숙 18시간째와 24시간째의 배발달율을 조사한 결과 18시간째에서 유의적으로 높은 배반포 발달율을 나타냈다. 그리고 체외성숙 18시간과 24시간째 난자의 세포질내 단백질 spot들의 변화를 비교한 결과 PB가 출현된 난자 세포질에서 단백질의 변화와 유사한 경향이었다. 그러나 2개의 단백질 spot은 상반된 경향을 나타냈다. 따라서 본 실험에서 난자의 핵성숙과 관련 있는 15개의 spot을 확인하였고, 이들 단백질 spot중에서 2개가 배발달 능력과 관련이 있을 것으로 사료된다.보다는 육질등급에 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다. 한편 육질 1등급에서 배발달율이 낮은 이유는 육질 향상을 목적으로 암소를 비육 하는 경우 발생하는 번식장애와 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 사료된다.각각 가장 높았다. 배양 8일째 배반포의 세포수에 있어서 총세포수와 TE 세포수는 차이가 없었으나, ICM 세포수가 l0mg 첨가군에서 가장 높았다. 본 실험 결과에서 체외성숙 배지에 NEAA와 EAA 첨가가 배발달율에는 효과가 없었지만, 첨가농도의 증가에 따라 ICM 세포수가 증가하였다. 한편 체외성숙 배지에 LAH 첨가는 첨가 농도가 높을수록 배발달율은 낮았지만 ICM 세포수는 증가하였다.에 Csk가 관여하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 결론적으로 성적 성숙에 따른 생쥐 정소 내 Src-Csk loop의 발현과 Src kinase 활성의 변동은 정소 내 간충조직, 세정관 상피의 증식 및 기능적 분화 과정을 매개하는 생리적 활성분자 수용체 하위의 신호전달 과정에 Src-Csk loop에 의한 조절가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.rugrene의 향기성분이 주요 성분군으로 확인되었다. 2. 생강나무에서 생강의 향기를 발산하는 성분으로는 $\beta$-myrcene, o-terpinolene, phellandrone, ι-limonene, $\beta$-eudesmol, $\delta$-cadinone, elemol, trans-caryophyllene으로 동정되었으며 그 중에서도 phellandrene, $\beta$-eudesmol이 주된 역할을 하는 성분으로 확인하였다. 유의적인 관련성이 나타났고, 복부 비만의 지표인 허리엉덩이둘레비는 GPT, alkaline phosphatase, 공복시 혈당 및 MCV 등 다양한 건강지표와 관련성을 나타내어 향후 비만에 있어 다양한 혈액 성상의 변화 및 역할규명에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 본다.hat

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield, and chemical compositions of corn hybrids for silage according to the drainage depths in a lowland paddy field. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with four treatments and three replications. The drainage depths of the four treatments were 0 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Tip-filling degree, ear length, and ear circle were higher in the 30 cm and 50 cm treatments compared with the other treatments (p < 0.05); but the plant length, leaf length, leaf width, ear height, stem diameter, and stem hardness were not significantly different (p < 0.05). The brix was higher in the order of 20 cm > 0 cm > 50 cm > 30 cm treatment. The fresh yield, dry matter yield, and TDN yield increased as the drainage depth increased (p < 0.05). The crude-protein and crude-ash content were highest in the 50 cm treatment (p < 0.05), but the crude-fat, NDF, ADF, and crude-fiber levels were not significantly different (p < 0.05). The total mineral content was higher in the order of 0 cm > 30 cm > 20 cm > 50 cm treatment (p < 0.05). Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were highest in the 20 cm treatment. The total amino-acid (EAA + NEAA) content was the highest in the 50 cm treatment. Based on these results, greater drainage depths increased the yield and feed value of silage corn.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.232-236
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• 2008

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two energy levels and four lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratios on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted using a $2{\times}4$ randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates. Twenty-four cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight of $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ were assigned to one of eight treatments. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and dietary treatment and water was provided ad libitum. Diets were designed to contain lysine:ME ratios of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 g/Mcal at 3.35 and 3.6 Mcal/kg of diet in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Dry matter (DM), ash, Ca and P digestibility were not affected by energy density or lysine:DE ratios. Crude fat digestibility increased as the energy density increased from 3.35 to 3.6 Mcal of DE/kg. Increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased crude protein digestibility. There were no interactions between energy density and lysine:DE ratio in terms of nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen excretion via feces was not affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio, while nitrogen excretion via urine was significantly affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for isoluecine, arginine and aspartic acid as well as average values of essential amino (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid digestibility (p>0.05) were not affected by energy density. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for leucine, proline, alanine and tyrosine, NEAA and total amino acid digestibility were significantly affected by lysine: DE ratio (p<0.05). Interactive effects of energy and lysine:DE ratio also significantly affected amino acid digestibility except for isoleucine, alanine, cystine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine and proline (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that maintaining the appropriate lysine:DE ratio becomes more important as the energy density of the diet increases. Consequently, increasing the lysine:DE ratio can result in increased crude protein digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion, although apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen excretion were not affected by energy density Furthermore, increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased the apparent digestibility of essential amino acids, except for leucine, regardless of energy density. The optimum lysine:DE ratio for maximum essential amino acid digestibility of the $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ pig is approximately 2.4 g of lysine/Mcal of DE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1731-1737
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of threonine:lysine ratios on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, and to estimate the optimal threonine:lysine ratios for growing barrows and gilts. A total of 150 pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc, $16.75{\pm}0.42kg$ average body weight, 75 barrows and 75 gilts) was randomly allotted into six treatments in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design. Six diets were formulated to contain 1.12% lysine for barrows and 1.33% lysine for gilts with three threonine:lysine ratios (50, 60 and 70%) for both barrows and gilts. Throughout the whole experimental period (16 to 56 kg body weight), there was no interaction between sex and dietary threonine:lysine ratio in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion rate (FCR). Between sexes, there was a clear sex-effect showing better growth performance of barrows. Barrows consumed more feed (p<0.01) and grew faster (p<0.01) than gilts. For barrows, there was a trend to improved ADG and FCR with increasing threonine:lysine ratio. For gilts, there was a trend to improved ADG and FCR up to threonine:lysine ratio of 60%, but not significant. There was no interaction between sex and threonine:lysine ratio in nutrient digestibilities of growing pigs except for crude ash (CA). Between sexes, there were differences in nutrient digestibilities, except for calcium for which gilts showed higher a digestibility (p<0.01). Among dietary threonine:lysine ratios, there were no differences in nutrient digestibilities. Mean values of essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acids (TAA) digestibilities were not affected by sex and dietary threonine:lysine ratio. There was no evidence of an interaction between sexes and dietary threonine:lysine ratio. Between sexes, total BUN concentration was lower in gilts than barrows (p<0.05). It was concluded that a 70 and 60% dietary threonine:lysine ratio for barrows (1.12% lysine) and gilts (1.33% lysine) tended to result in better growth performances and nutrient utilization and lower BUN concentration than other threonine:lysine ratios.