• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.315-318
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of hormone levels of serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ (E2) in sows of Landrace (L), Yorkshire (Y) and F1 (L ${\times}$ Y) (respectively n=3) with excellent ability, and to provide a baseline data for improving reproductive performance. In this experiment, the sows at the age of 12 months or more were used. The sows were fed by two way methods, one is conventional methods and the other is 3 days-flushing feed before estrus. Each pig's blood was collected in 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 days after the estrus for the analyses of P4 and E2. Serum was separated by centrifugation for 15 min. with 3,000 rpm. Progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ were measured by immunochemical assay (ELIZA test). In conventional feeding, serum progesterone levels were significantly (p<0.01) higher in F1 than in L and Y. No significant differences in P4 concentrations were seen between the L and Y of sows. Serum E2 levels were similar the serum progesterone levels. In the case of flushing feed, the tendency of hormonal changes were similar to conventional methods. But almost of hormonal levels were a little higher than that of conventional methods. P4 level of L and Y in flushing feed were significantly different (p<0.01). Serum E2 level of Y in flushing feed was significantly different among the breeds (p<0.01). These results were similar to the tendency of hormonal changes in general sows and moreover, flushing feed is known to develop the swine production, these results proved the fact of the methods. And these results suggested that more studies about hormonal changes in sows according to seasonal and nutritional factors should be needed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.480-487
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• 1997

Vitellogenin (Vg) was purified from plasma of $estradiol-17\beta(E_2)-treated$ spotted flounder, verasper variegatus, by preripitation with cold distilled water, followed by fractionation using a Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. $E_2-induced$ protein was identified as Vg by SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis. The molecular weight of the purified Vg was estimated 175 kD as determined by SDS-PAGE. In order to measure the Vg level, monoclonal antibodies against Vg were produced by hybridoma technique. Purified Vg was immunized into Balb/c mice and then the spleen cells from mice were fused with NS-1 myeloma cells. The hybridoma cells were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (WLISA) and subcloned by limiting dilution. The hybridoma clones which secreted antibodies highly reactive to the purified Vg were designated as 4D6. Its specificity was demonstrated by western blot from plasma of untreated, $E_2-treated$ male fish, and purified Vg.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6761-6767
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• 2013

The nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$), is expressed in various cancer cells including breast, prostate, colorectal and cervical examples. An endogenous ligand of $PPAR{\gamma}$, 15-deoxy-${\Delta}^{12,14}$ prostaglandin $J_2$ (PGJ2), is emerging as a potent anticancer agent but the exact mechanism has not been fully elucidated, especially in breast cancer. The present study compared the anticancer effects of PGJ2 on estrogen receptor alpha ($ER{\alpha}$)-positive (MCF-7) and $ER{\alpha}$-negative (MDA-MB-231) human breast cancer cells. Based on the reported signalling cross-talk between $ER{\alpha}$ and $ER{\alpha}$, the effect of the $ER{\alpha}$ ligand, $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2) on the anticancer activities of PGJ2 in both types of cells was also explored. Here we report that PGJ2 inhibited proliferation of both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by inducing apoptotic cell death with active involvement of mitochondria. The presence of E2 potentiated PGJ2-induced apoptosis in MCF-7, but not in MDA-MB-231 cells. The $ER{\alpha}$ antagonist, GW9662, failed to block PGJ2-induced activities but potentiated its effects in MCF-7 cells, instead. Interestingly, GW9662 also proved capable of inducing apoptotic cell death. It can be concluded that E2 enhances $ER{\alpha}$-independent anticancer effects of PGJ2 in the presence of its receptor.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2017

The estrogen-mediated effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a highly critical factor for the clinical application of MSCs. However, the present study is conducted on MSCs derived from adult donors, which have different physiological status with steroid hormonal changes. Therefore, we explores the important role of $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2) in MSCs derived from female and male newborn piglets (NF- and NM-pBMSCs), which are non-sexually matured donors with steroid hormones. The results revealed that in vitro treatment of MSCs with E2 improved cell proliferation, but the rates varied according to the gender of the newborn donors. Following in vitro treatment of newborn MSCs with E2, mRNA levels of Oct3/4 and Sox2 increased in both genders of MSCs and they may be correlated with both estrogen receptor ${\alpha}$ ($ER{\alpha}$) and $ER{\beta}$ in NF-pBMSCs, but NM-pBMSCs were only correlated with $ER{\alpha}$. Moreover, E2-treated NF-pBMSCs decreased in ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity but no influence on NM-pBMSCs. In E2-mediated differentiation capacity, E2 induced an increase in the osteogenic and chondrogenic abilities of both pBMSCs, but adipogenic ability may increased only in NF-pBMSCs. These results demonstrate that E2 could affect both genders of newborn donor-derived MSCs, but the regulatory role of E2 varies depending on gender-dependent characteristics even though the original newborn donors had not been affected by functional steroid hormones.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 2014

Estrogen can promote or inhibit cellular proliferation depending on tissue cell types and physiological condition and acts through the signal transduction pathways mediated primarily by estrogen receptors. This study examined the effects of fulvestrant (Ful), a well-known antagonist for the estrogen receptor, on the action of $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2) with respect to the proliferation and apoptosis of Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells. We used different concentrations of E2, Ful, and E2 plus Ful during different treatment durations. Treatment with 15-40 ${\mu}M$ E2 significantly inhibited proliferation in a time-dependent manner, although it had no influence in concentrations up to 1 ${\mu}M$. Interestingly, Ful at 10-40 ${\mu}M$ also inhibited cellular proliferation in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In addition, Ful enhanced rather than decreased the inhibitory effect on cellular proliferation by E2 in combined treatment for 10 days. Thus, Ful does not appear to have an antagonistic effect on estrogen's anti-proliferative action in CHO cells. In TUNEL assays to confirm DNA fragmentation by E2 and/or Ful, CHO cells treated with 20 ${\mu}M$ E2 showed a TUNEL-positive reaction in most DAPI-stained nuclei, and cells treated with either 40 ${\mu}M$ Ful or 40 ${\mu}M$ Ful plus 20 ${\mu}M$ E2 also exhibited a TUNEL-positive reaction but at a lower rate compared to the E2-treated cells. These results indicate that Ful does not have an antagonistic effect on estrogen's anti-proliferative action in CHO cells, suggesting that the anti-proliferative and apoptosis-related mechanism(s) through DNA fragmentation by E2 and Ful may be mediated by different signal transduction pathways.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.585-590
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of oral-administered sex hormone for hybrid sturgeon, bester juvenile. The bester juveniles (2 months after hatching) were received a diet containing various doses of $17\alpha$-methyltestosterone (MT) or estradiol-$17\beta$ ($E_2$) for 6 months. Somatic growth of bester sturgeon juvenile did not show significant differences between experimental and control groups (27.9-30.5 cm; 125.1-161.7 g), although survival percentages showed a decreasing tendency in MT-treated animals. By histological examination, germ cells were recorded as smooth type in MT-treated fish and uneven type of germinal epithelium in $E_2$-treated animals. Their sex ratios were 5:4:1 (male: female: undifferentiation) in control and low dose of MT-treated fish (1 mg/kg), and 9:1:0 in fish treated with high dose of MT (10 mg/kg), whereas the ratios were reversed by both low and high doses of $E_2$ treatment, recorded as 2:8:0. Gonadal areas were not significantly differed in all trials (424,600.4 - 1,039,656.3 ${\mu}m^2$). Total number of germ cells, number of germ cells per gonadal areas and number of germ cells per area were significantly higher to 144.7-148.7 cells/section, 374.0-408.5 $cells/mm^2$ and 1,599.5-1,670.9 $cells/mm^2$ in $E_2$ treatment than those of others (30.4-63.9 cells/section, 148.4-226.9 $cells/mm^2$ and 850.0-1,050.6 $cells/mm^2$), respectively. And somatic growth according to their gender was not significantly differed between male and female.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.175-186
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to analyze the proteome expressions of proliferating stromal vascular cells from Hanwoo omental, subcutaneous and intramuscular depots subjected to hormone deprivation and IGF-1, Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ addition. For hormone deprivation or addition studies, the cells were either grown in 10% charcoal-dextran stripped fetal bovine serum (CD-FBS) or in 10% FBS supplemented medium. Further, to analyze the effect of insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) and $17\beta$-Estradiol (E2), cells were grown in 10% CD-FBS containing IGF-1 (10 ng/ml) or E2 (10 nM). The results showed that hormone deprivation had a negative impact on proliferation among the cells from all depots without any growth difference. On comparison of proliferation levels, higher levels were observed in cells that were grown in 10% FBS than in 10% CD-FBS alone or with IGF-1/E2. Proteome expression from preadipocytes grown in hormone deprivation conditions were compared by 2D-DIGE and MALDIToF/ToF. A total of twelve different proteins were found to be differentially expressed under hormone deprivation conditions. Further, our proteomic analysis with DIGE under IGF-1 and E2 addition revealed four proteins with differential expression levels. Moreover, the results highlighted in this study offer a role for each differentially expressed protein with respect to their effect in positive or negative regulation on proliferation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.114-114
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• 2002

포유동물에서 뇌와 부신에서 합성.분비되는 카테콜아민(Catecholamine, CA)계 신경전달물질인 dopamine(DA), norepinephrine(NE), epinephrine(E)은 체내 각종 생리현상의 조절에 필수적이며, 생식과 관련지어서는 시상하부-뇌하수체 간 GnRH-gonadotropin 호르몬 축의 활성을 조절하는 기능 외에도 번식과 관련된 여러 행동양식을 조절함이 잘 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 CA 생합성 효소들인 tyrosine hydroxylase(TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase(DBH), phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase(PNMT)의 유전자 발현에 미치는 sex steroid의 영향을 조사하였다. 성숙한 암컷 횐쥐(SD strain)의 난소를 제거하고 1주 경과 후 vehicle(sesame oil; OVX+Oil 실험군) 또는 estradiol 17$\beta$(235ug/m1; OVX+E$_2$실험군)이 든 silastic capsule(길이 14mm; 내경 1.55mm; 외경 3.125mm)을 48 시간 동안 처리한 뒤 희생시켰다. 적출된 조직으로부터 RNA를 추출한 후 semi-quantitative RT-PCR을 시행하였다. (i) TH의 발현 정도는 OVX+Oil 군에서는 시상하부) substantia nigra(SNc)) 부신 순으로, OVX+E$_2$군에서는 SN글 부신) 시상하부 순으로 나타났다. TH 발현에 미치는 estradiol의 효과로 SNc과 부신에서는 유의한 증가를 보인데 비해 시상하부에서는 유의한 감소를 관찰하였다. (ii) DBH 발현 정도는 OVX+Oil군에서는 SNc> 부신> 시상 하부 순으로, OVX+E$_2$군에서는 부신＞ SNc＞ 시상하부 순이었다. DBH 발현에 미치는 estradiol의 효과로 SNc에서는 유의한 감소, 부신에서는 유의한 증가, 그리고 시상하부에서는 통계적 유의성은 없으나 감소하는 경향을 보였다. (iii) PNMT의 발현의 경우 SNc와 시상하부에서는 기보고된 바와 같이 alternative splicing에 의해 110bp 차이의 크고 작은 두 형태의 cDNA(PNMTI & PNMTs)가 증폭되었으나 부신에서는 작은 cDNA 만이 관찰되었다. PNMTs의 발현 정도는 OVX+Oil군과 OVX+E$_2$군에서 공히 부신＞ 시상하부＞ SNc 순이었고, PNMTI의 발현은 SNc가 시상하부 보다 다소 높은 경향이었으나 유의성은 없었다. PNMTs 발현에 미치는 estradiol의 효과로 SNc에서는 유의한 감소, 부신에서는 유의한 증가, 그리고 시상하부에서는 통계적 유의성은 없으나 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 본 연구에서는 CA 생합성 효소들의 유전자 발현의 조절에 미치는 estrogen 의 영향이 세포 기원이 neural crest cell인 부신 수질은 물론 뇌의 상이한 지역간에서도 조직특이적임을 관찰하였다. 이러한 결과는 각 조직에서의 estrogen 수용체 유형의 차이 혹은 작용 모드와 각 효소 유전자 발현 사이에 중요한 상관관계가 있음을 시사한다.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.375-383
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• 2004

It has been reported that osteoporosis induced by the deficiency of estrogens in menopause is associated with the unbalance of Ca/sup 2+/ and Pi levels. Proximal tubule is very important organ to regualte Ca/sup 2+/ and Pi level in the body. However, the effect of estrogens on Ca/sup 2+/ and Pi regulation was not elucidated. Thus, we examined the effect of 17-β estradiol (E₂) on Ca/sup 2+/ and Pi uptake in the primary cultured rabbit renal proxiaml tubule cells. In the present study, E₂(> 10/sup -9/M) decreases Ca/sup 2+/uptake and stimulates Pi uptake over 3 days. E₂-induced decrease of Ca/sup 2+/ uptake and stimulation of Pi uptake were blocked by actinomycin D (a gene transcription inhibitor), cycloheximide (a protein synthesis inhibitor). tamoxifen, and progesterone (estrogen receptor antagonists). E₂-induced decrease of Ca/sup 2+/ uptake and stimulation of Pi uptake were blocked by SQ22536 (an adenylate cyclase inhibitor), Rp-cAMP (a cAMP antagonist), and PKI (a protein kinase A inhibitor). Indeed, E₂ increased cAMP formation. In addition, E₂-induced decrease of Ca/sup 2+/ uptake and stimulation of Pi uptake were blocked by staurosporine, H-7, and bisindolylmaleimide I (protein kinase C inhibitors) and E₂ translocated PKC from cytoslic fraction to membrane fraction. In conclusion, E₂ decreased Ca/sup 2+/ uptake and stimulated Pi uptake via cAMP and PKC pathway in the PTCs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1454-1459
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• 2013

This study investigated the effects that water temperature and the administration of estradiol-17${\beta}$ (E2) had on the sex ratio and growth of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Glass eels (total length${\fallingdotseq}$6.5 cm) were differentiated into an E2 group and an E2-free group and then they were reared for about four months at three water temperature levels of $20^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$, and $28^{\circ}C$. The results showed that the young eels survived normally at the rearing water temperature of ${\geq}24^{\circ}C$, and grew to a mean size of 20 cm (total length). In the E2-free group, temperature was not found to increase the sex ratio (feminizing rates); however, the sex ratio of the E2-administrated group was found to be a little higher at a high temperature ($28^{\circ}C$). The growth of the E2 group was lower than the growth of the E2-free group at $24^{\circ}C$ and the E2 concentration levels in the plasma at $24^{\circ}C$ were found to be significant after the end of the E2 administration period (178 days). Therefore, we thought that long-term administration of E2 must be considered to be the reason for growth decline in spite of the prominent sex ratio effect. Our results indicate that temperature was not related to an increase in the feminizing rate (sex ratio) in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, and other environmental factors (rearing density, salinity, etc.) that have the possibility of inducing ovarian differentiation must be investigated.