• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.395-401
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• 2010

Over expression of TGF-${\beta}1$ revealed the same phenotype as NFI-C deficient mouse. It has been reported that NFI-C deficient mice demonstrated abnormal odontoblast differentiation and aberrant dentin formation during root development. In the present study, in order to investigate the histological differences between wild type (WT) mouse and NFI-C deficient mouse, we compared morphological characteristics and smad4 expression between those mice. Hematoxyline-eosin (H-E) staining was used to investigate morphological changes and immunohistochemistry was also performed to observe the Smad4 expression pattern. In H-E staining, incisor of NFI-C deficient mouse showed an open area in the lingual root, irregular odontoblasts and osteodentin. Also, NFI-C deficient mouse showed short root and osteodentin in molar. In addition, Smad4 protein was strongly expressed in NFI-C deficient mouse compared with wild type. These findings suggest that NFI-C deficiency affects odontoblast differentiation and result in the formation of abnormal roots. Therefore, balancing between NFI-C and TGF-${\beta}$ signaling including Smad4 is important for the regulation of normal odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2014

In order to estimate the life of 2,5 inch HDD which is adopted by PC environment, make the test plan which reflect the failure mode of market, make the test model of accelerated life test which reflect the stress of temperature. after an analysis of the environment of PC using, test procedure was decided that operation was write 50 % and read 50 %, and then access method was sequential 50 % and random 50%. The acceleration life test was executed on condition that temperature was $50^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$, performance was 95 % in max performance, test time was 1000 hours. by the test of goodness of fit of anderson-darling of the failure data during test, it was confirmed that the distribution of failure fellow weibull. test for shape and scale was equal, and shape parameter was 0.7177, characteristic life was 429434 hours at normal user condition($30^{\circ}C$) by the analysis of weibull-arrhenius modeling. It made no difference about the statistics when equality test was executed. The activation energy was 0.2775eV. In analyzing between the failure samples of acceleration test and the samples of market return even though there is detail difference about the share of failure mode, the rank of share was almost same. This study suggest the test procedure of acceleration test of 2.5 inch HDD in PC using environment, and help the life estimation at manufacture and user.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 1987

35 patients of normal reproductive age group (22-37 yrs) were selected for ovulation induction using $Clomid^{(R)}$ and HMG. Correlation between canalization of cervical mucus and estradiol level in plasma. morphological ovarian follicular change by ultrasonogram, Ferning and Spinnbarkeit were studied in the induced ovulatory menstrual cycles. By retrospective analysis, the results were following; 1. Canalization appeared on the eighth day of the menstrual cycle in $Clomid^{(R)}$ group, and seventh day of HMG group. And the number of the channels increased gradually until the ovulation time. 2. The mean number of channels increased from 12${\pm}$12 in $Clomid^{(R)}$ group, 19${\pm}$14 in HMG group (Day-6) to a maximum of 46${\pm}$22 in $Clomid^{(R)}$ group (Day-1). 3. The maximum plasma estradiol(E2) level was 812${\pm}$722pg/ml in $Clomid^{(R)}$ group (Day-1), 1792${\pm}$504 pg/ml in HMG group (Day-1), and there was a good statistical correlation between the number of channels and the plasma E2 level. 4. The maximal follicular diameter was 19.4${\pm}$6.7 mm in $Clomid^{(R)}$ Group (Day-1) 19.3${\pm}$4.6mm in HMG group (Day-1) and after than decreased. There was a good statistical correlation between the number of channels and the follicular diameter. 5. When grade of ferning was I, the number of channels were 19.4${\pm}$6.7 in $Clomid^{(R)}$ group, 38${\pm}$26 in HMG group. When grade of ferning was III, the number of channels were 54${\pm}$30 in $Clomid^{(R)}$ group, 71${\pm}$36 in HMG group. 6. The maximum score of Spinnbarkeit was 2.6${\pm}$0.5 in Clomid group (Day-0), 2.6${\pm}$0.5 in HMG group (Day-2). In conclusion, the phenomenon of cervical mucus canalization showed the value of the clinical use as an ovulatin marker.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2002

Aceclofenac, 2-[(2',6'-dichlorphenyl)amino]phenylacetoxiacetic acid, is a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that belongs to the family of phenylacetic acids. It shows good tolerance and potent analgesic/antiinflammatory properties, and acts on cartilaginous chondriocytes, stimulating their repair mechanism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two aceclofenac products, $Airtal^{TM}$ tablet (Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co.) and $Acer^{TM}$ capsule (Kyungdong Pharmaceutical Co.), according to the guideliner of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The aceclofenac release from the two aceclofenac products in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method at pH 7.8 dissolution media. Sixteen normal male volunteers, $23.13\pm2.03$ years in age and $66.33\pm7.08$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2\times2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet or capsule containing 100 mg of aceclofenac was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of aceclofenac in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of the two aceclofenac products were very similar at pH 7.8 dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_max$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two products were $6.50\%,\;-1.06\%\;and\;11.96\%$ respectively, when calculated against the $Airtal^{TM}$ tablet. The powers $(1-\beta)\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;were\;89.82\%\;and\;82.84\%$, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $(\Delta)\;at\;\alpha=0.05\;and\;1-\beta=0.8$ were less than $20\%\;(e.g.,\;17.51\%\;and\;19.30\%\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}$, ). The $90\%$ confidence intervals were within $\pm20\%\;(e.g.,\;-3.73\%\sim16.73\%\;and\;-12.34\%\sim10.22\%\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max},\;respectively)$. Two parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that $Acer^{TM}$ capsule is bioequivalent to $Airtal^{TM}$ tablet.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1549-1554
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• 2007

To verify the effects of JAUN-1, which is a water-extracted herbal mixture, on gastroenteric disorders induced by 0.1 percent of iodoacetamide (IA) in rats. We divided four groups, $Na{\"{\i}}ve$ + Distilled Water (DW), 0.1% IA + DW, 0.1% IA + Proton pump inhibitor (Lansoprazole, 5 mg/kg) and 0.1% IA + Herbal mixture (JAUN-1, 50mg/kg) and performed following experimental methods to confirm its advantageous effects against ulcerogenic stomach in rats induced by 0.1% IA; cell cytotoxicity, analysis of lesions score, Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) stain, RT-PCR for ${\beta}-actin$, COX-1 and COX-2 and evaluation of intestinal prokinetic activity. No cytotoxicity was elucidated at the concentration of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, $500\;{\mu}g/ml$ and 1mg/ml JAUN-1 through MTT Assay using by human stomach epithelial AGS cells, respectively. In addition, the JAUN-1 treated group and the lansoprazole treated group significantly decreased in lesions score compared to the DW treated group in the gastritis induced rat model, and results of immunohistochemistry by H&E staining showed that histological recovery in Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) and JAUN-1 treated groups rather than the DW administrated group. Another outcome was that ${\beta}-actin$ relative COX-2 expression level was significantly promoted in the DW treated group while ${\beta}-actin$ relative COX-1 expression level was no meaningful change in this rat model. Finally, intestinal prokinetic activity was recovered from low level of prokinetic activity due to 0.1% IA induced gastritis to the similar level of Normal group. These results suggested that JAUN-1 may have beneficial effects against 0.1% IA-induced gastritis rat model through decreasing lesions score, histological recovery, ${\beta}-actin$ relative COX-1, 2 expression level and prokinetic activity.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.11
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• pp.77-82
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• 1969

In order to determine an optimum pressure condition of the storage chamber of apples, several reduced pressure were examined for the Jonathan. The results obtained checking various storage conditions are as follows. 1. The optimum pressure of chamber atmosphere for apple storage was 10 cmHg. 2. Under the pressure of 10 cmHg, the normal (room) temperature storage was better than the cold storage. 3. Under reduced pressure, poly-ethylene film wrapping of apple showed a good result in a short-term (less than one and half month) experiment. 4. No noticeable effect was observed by O.E.D (Oxy-ethylene doxanole) or sodium dehydro acetate treatment. 5. Change of the components (total sugar, reduced sugar, acid and vitamin C) of apples according to the storage methods showed similar results to our previous report, Studies on The Reduced Pressure Storage of Fruits (I)

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.69-93
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• 2008

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of KKHS on atopic dermatitis in an in-vivo experiment using an NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse, which has histological and clinical similarities to this condition in humans. Methods To investigate the effect of KKHS on atopic dermatitis (AD), we evaluated atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions by clinical skin index and analyzed immunological parameters in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs), splenocytes, draining lymph node(DLN) and performed skin histology in ears and dorsal skin of atopic dermatitis of NC/Nga mouse in vivo. Results In vivo, clinical skin severity score was significantly lower in the KKHS group than in the control group. IgE, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, IgM, IgG2a and IgG2b levels in serum decreased remarkably in the KKHS group than in the control group, and the level of IFN-${\gamma}$ production which is secreted from Th1 cell was increased by KKHS. After this experiment we analyzed immunological cells ($CD3^+$, $CD19^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD3^+CD69^+$, $CD4^+CD25^+$ and $CD49b^+$) by flow cytometry. It results that the total absolute number of $CD3^+$, $CD19^+$, $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ cells were recovered as much as normal state, and the level of $CD3^+CD69^+$ in isolated DLN and PBMCs were significantly decreased, and total absolute number of $Gr-1^+$, $CD11b^+$ and $CD3^+$ in dorsal skin of NC/Nga mouse were decreased by KKHS. We analyzed ear, DLN, and neck-back skin after biopsy and dyeing by hematoxyline/eosin(H&E), toluidine staining (mast cells marker). KKHS were very effective to the histological symptoms which are in dermal and epidermal thickening, hyperkeratosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. Ear thickness was significantly decreased compared with the control group and the size of inflammatory lymphocytes cells (ILC) and plasma cells (PC) in DLN were also decreased. Conclusions KKHS on atopic dermatitis in an in-vivo experiment using an NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse was very effectiveness to the atopy dermatitis treatment.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2008

It is known that Spirulina extracts have strong antioxidant activities since it contains diverse antioxidants such as phycocyanian, ${\beta}$-carotene, vitamin E and other carotenoids. In order to enhance antioxidant activity of Spirulina, Spirulina extracts were fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum P23 and Bacillus subtilis TP6. The resulting fermented supernatants were analyzed for their antioxidant activities by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydiazyl) method. The results indicated that fermentation process significantly enhanced total antioxidant activities. Increased levels of UV-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 were reduced back to normal level even by treatment of all three of the Spirulina extracts. The result suggested that the fermentation process enhanced the anti-inflammatory activities at least ten times higher than the simple extract. Zymography is used to determine the expression of UV-induced MMP. Spirulina extracts fermented by Bacillus subtilis TP6 were found to suppressed the expression of MMPs. Also treatment with the fermented Spirulina extracts resulted in an increase of collagen synthesis in vitro. In conclusion, the fermented Spirulina extracts are expected to be used as anti-aging cosmeceuticals.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2003

Objectives : The lipolytic effects of catecholamines in adipose tissue are mediated by members of adrenergic receptors. This study was conducted to examine the effects of ${\beta}2-AR$ Gln27Glu (Q27E) polymorphism on obesity indices and risk among obesity clinic patients. Methods : 532 subjects, 38 men and 494 women, who attended a weight loss program in a local obesity clinic were analyzed. Height, weight, BMI, WHR and obesity index were measured or calculated. Body composition was measured by bio-impedance analysis. Genotype of ${\beta}2-AR$ polymorphism in codon 27 was analyzed by PCR-RFLP method. Serum concentrations of fasting glucose, total and HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride were determined by autobiochemical analyzer. Results: The Genotype distributions of ${\beta}2-AR$ gene were QQ type 81.3%, QE type 17.9% and EE type 8%. Therefore, the frequency of E allele of ${\beta}2-AR$ gene was 0.170 in the total subjects. The frequency of the ${\beta}2-AR$ variant genotype(QE+EE) was significantly higher in obese group($BMI{\geqq}25$) compared with non-obese group(p=0.027). Weight was significantly higher in variant(QE+EE) type compared with normal(QQ) type in total subjects(p=0.001), male(p=0.022) and female(p=0.013). BMI, obesity index and WHR were also significantly higher in QE+EE type. Body fat man was significantly higher in QE+EE type in total subjects(p=0.005) and female(p=0.027). When forward stepwise regression analysis was used to create a model of risk predictors of obesity($BMI{\geqq}25$), QE+EE type of ${\beta}2-AR$ gene was found to be a significant risk factor for obesity (p=0.042, ORs 1.597). Conclusions: QE+EE genotype of ${\beta}2-AR$ was associated with increased obesity indices and might be a significant risk factor for obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.189-197
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• 2006

The Korea Plateau is a continental fragment rifted and partially segmented from the Korean Peninsulaat the initial stage of the opening of the East Sea (Japan Sea). We interpreted marine seismic profiles from the South Korea Plateau in conjunction with swath bathymetric to investigate processes of con-tjnental rifting and separation of the southwestern Japan Arc. The SouU-i Korea Plateau preserves funda-mental elements of rift architecture comprising a seaward succession of a rift basin and an uplifted rift flank passing into the slope, typical of a passive continental margin. Two distinguished rift basins (Onnuri and Bandal Basins) in the South Korea Plateau are bounded by major synthetic and smaller antithetic faults, creating wide and symmetric profiles. The large-offset border fault zones of these basins have convex dip slopes and demonstrate a zig-zag arrangement along strike. Rifting was primarily controlled by normal faulting resulting from extension orthogonal to the inferred line of breakup along the base ofthe slope rather U-ian strike-slip deformation. Two extension direcdons for rifdng are recog-nized; U-ie Onnuri Basin was rifted in U-ie EW direction; U-ie Bandal Basin in U-ie EW and NW-SE directions, suggesting two rift stages. We interpret that the E-W direction represents initial rifting at the inner margin; while the Japan Basin widened, rifting propagated repeatedly from the Japan Basin to the southeast toward the Korean margin but could not penetrate the strong continental lithosphere of the Korean Shield and changed direction to the south, resulting in E-W extension to create the rift basins at the Korean margin. The Hupo Basin to the south of the Korea Plateau is estimated to have formed in this process. The NW-SE direction probably represents the direction of rifting orthogonal to the inferred line of breakup along the base of the slope of the South Korea Plateau; after breakup the southwestern Japan Arc separated in the SE direction, indicating a response to tensional tectonics associated with the subduction of the Pacific Plate in the NE direction. We suggest that structural evolution of the eastern Korean margin can be explained by the processes occurring at the passive continental margin.