• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1998

One cervical cancer cell line, C9, carrying human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18) genes that is one of the major etiologic concoviruses for cervical cancer was characterized. This cell line was further characterized for its capacity related to the epithelial cell proliferation, stratification and differentiation in reconstituted artificial epithelial tissue. The in vitro construction of three dimensional artificial cervical opithelial tissue has been engineered using C9 epithelial cancer cells, human foreskin fibroblasts and a matrix made of type I collagen by organotypic culture of epithelial cells. The morphology of paraffin embedded artificial tissue was examined by histochemical staining. The artificial epithelial tissues were well developed having multilayer. However, the tissue morphology was similar to the cervical tissus having displasia induced by HPV infection. The characteristics of the artificial tissues were examined by determinining the expression of specific marker proteins. In the C9 derived artificial tissues, the expression of EGF receptor, as epithelial proliferation marker proteins for stratum basale was observed up to the stratum spinosum. Another epithelial proliferation marker for stratum spinosum, cytokerations 5/6/18, were observed well over the stratum spinosum. For the differentiation markers, the expression of involucrin and filaggrin were observed while the terminal differentiation marker, cytokeratins 10/13 was not detected at all. Therefore the reconstituted artificial epithelial tissues expressed the same types of differentiation marker proteins that are expressed in normal human cervical epithelial tissues but lacked the final differentiation capacity representing characteristics of C9 cell line as a cancer tissue devived cell line. Expression of HPV18 E6 oncoprotein was also observed in this artifical cervical opithelial tissue though the intensity of the staining was weak. Thus this artificial epithelial tissue could be used as a useful model system to examine the relationship between HPV-induced cervical oncogenesis and epithelial cell differentiation.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.195-200
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• 2002

Purpose: To investigate the MRI and arthroscopic findings of osteochondral lesion of the talus which looked normal on plane radiography. Materials and methods: We investigated the MRI and arthroscopic findings of seven osteochondral lesions in which there were no abnormal finding on plane radiography and no cystic changes on MRI. Average age was 31 years(range, 19-43 years). Arthroscopic findings were classified according to the Ferkel's criteria. Results: History of injury was reported in all cases and the average duration from injury to presentation was 4 years and 4 months. Low signal change in T1WI was found in 6 of 7 lesions, no signal change in 1 case. Low signal change in T2WI was found in 4, no signal change in 3. 6 STIR images were obtained. High signal change was found in 3, no signal change in 2 and intermediate signal change was in 1. Arthroscopic grading was A in 1, C in 1, D in 2 , E in 1 and F in 2. We could not find any correlation between the findings on MRI and arthroscopic examination. Conclusion: We suggest arthroscopic examination is needed for accurate diagnosis of the osteochondral lesions of the talus which looked normal on plane radiography, because they have various MRl findings and high likelihood of existence of unstable cartilage lesions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2006

This paper develops a complete methodology for the mitigation of ionosphere spatial anomalies by GBAS systems fielded in the Conterminous U.S. (CONUS). It defines an ionosphere anomaly threat model based on validated observations of unusual ionosphere events in CONUS impacting GBAS sites in the form of a linear ‘wave front’ of constant slope and velocity. It then develops a simulation-based methodology for selecting the worst-case ionosphere wave front impact impacting two satellites simultaneously for a given GBAS site and satellite geometry, taking into account the mitigating effects of code-carrier divergence monitoring within the GBAS ground station. The resulting maximum ionosphere error in vertical position (MIEV) is calculated and compared to a unique vertical alert limit, or $VAL_{H2,I}$, that applies to the special situation of worst-case ionosphere gradients. If MIEV exceeds $VAL_{H2,I}$ for one or more otherwise-usable subset geometries (i.e., geometries for which the 'normal' vertical protection level, or $VPL_{H0}$, is less than the 'normal' VAL), the broadcast ${\sigma}_{pr_{-}gnd}$ and/or ${\sigma}_{vig}$ must be increased such that all such potentially-threatening geometries have VPL$_{H0}$ > VAL and thus become unavailable. In addition to surveying all aspects of the methods used to generate the required ${\sigma}_{pr_{-}gnd}$ and ${\sigma}_{vig}$ inflation factors for CONUS GBAS sites, related methods for deriving similar results for GBAS sites outside CONUS are suggested.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2000

To study the effect of prosomillet (Panicum milaceum) on lipid metabolism, male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 190$\pm$8g were fed six experimental diets for four weeks. The six diets based on AIN-76 composition consisted of one cholesterol-free(normal) and five 1%(w/w) cholesterol diets, i.e. control, two diets containing additional 0.3 and 0.6%(w/w) methanol extracts of prosomillet and another two diets containing 15 and 30% (w/w) prosomillet powder. There was no difference in weight gains between the groups but relative liver weights increased under the cholestrol diets. Plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride(TG) decreased by 23-27% and by 37-52%, respectively, in the four prosomillet diet groups compared to those of the normal and control groups. Whereas in the liver, only TG levels decreased in the prosomillet diet groups. Fecal excretions of bile acid and cholesterol significantly with methanol extracts of prosomillet. There was a significant increase in the activity of hepatic microsomal cholesterol 7$\alpha$-hydroxylase when feeding 1% cholesterol but prosomillet in the diet, either as in the form of powder or methanol extract, appeared to have only slight additional effects, namely increases in enzyme activity. The activity of liver cytosolic glucose-6-phophate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) tended to be reduced with high cholesterol diets and dropped markedly by 15% using additional prosomillet powder. Those of the liver cytoxolic malic enzyme had a similar tendency to those of G6PDH. The results indicate that certain active components in prosmillet other than fiber have the potential to exert hypolipidemic effects via regulating cholesterol excretions and lipogenesis.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.519-519
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• 2016

Upper Chenab Canal (UCC) is a non-perennial canal in Punjab Province of Pakistan which provides irrigation water only in summer season. Winter and summer are two distinct cropping season with an average rainfall of about 161 mm and 700 mm respectively. Wheat-rice is common crop rotation being followed in the UCC command area. During winter season, groundwater and rainfall are the main sources of irrigation while canal and ground water is used to fulfil the crop water requirements (CWR) during summer. The objective of current study is to estimate how the irrigation water requirements (IWR) of the two crops are going to change under different conditions of temperature and rainfall. For this purpose, 12 different climatic scenarios were designed by combining the assumptions of three levels of temperature increase under dry, normal and wet conditions of rainfall. Weather records of 13 years (2000-2012) were obtained from PMD (Pakistan Meteorological Department) and CROPWAT model was used to simulate the IWR of the crops under normal and scenarios based climatic conditions. Both crops showed a maximum increase in CWR for temperature rise of $+2^{\circ}C$ i.e. 8.69% and 6% as compared to average. Maximum increment (4.1% and 17.51% respectively) in IWR for both wheat and rice was recorded when temperature rise of $+2^{\circ}C$ is coupled with dry rainfall conditions. March & April during winter and August & September during summer were the months with maximum irrigation requirements. Analysis also showed that no irrigation is needed for rice crop during May and June because of enough rainfall in this area.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 2017

Objectives: This study examined the effects of salvianolic acid B (SAB) on exhaustive exercise-induced cardiac muscle damage to rats. Methods: The study was carried out with 12-week-old young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty-six rats were divided into 3 groups; normal (n=12), exhaustive exercise group (ExS, n=12) and exhaustive exercise with SAB (ExS+SAB, n=12). Five days before exhaustive exercise, SAB were medicated for 5 days in ExS+SAB group. Rats in ExS and ExS+SAB group were forced to swim for 150 minutes and then they were sacrificed, while rats in normal group were sacrificed at rest. After that, blood was collected and cardiac muscle tissue damage indices were analyzed. Results: Serum aspartate transaminase activity and lactate dehydrogenase activity were significantly lower in ExS+SAB group than in ExS group. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity of ExS+SAB was significantly lower than ExS group. However, the content of serum creatinine had no difference between ExS and ExS+SAB group. In the H&E stained left ventricle myocardium, ExS group showed signs of myocardial damage such as sporadic fragmentation of myocardial fibers, interstitial edema, cytoplasmic eosinophilia and neutrophils infiltration. However, ExS+SAB group alleviated the severity of the signs of myocardial damage. In the myocardial dihydroethidium staining, optical density was remarkably decreased in ExS+SAB group compared to ExS group. Furthermore, the up-regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was observed in ExS+SAB group compared with ExS group. Conclusions: The above results suggest that SAB may protect cardiac muscle damage via antioxidant activity and prevention of apoptosis.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.20-28
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• 2017

Objectives: This review aims to report the efficacy of Oriental herbal medicine for Female Idiopathic Precocious Puberty Methods: We searched clinical study about precocious puberty from Pubmed, OASIS, Korea Traditional Knowledge Portal and National Assembly Library up to July 2017. Results: Four case reports have been identified. Six cases in total were found. And in the four cases where estradiol (E2) levels were above the normal levels in pre-treatment, the figures dropped to the normal levels in post-treatment. In the three cases with breast development and breast pain in pre-treatment, symptoms improved after the treatment. And, the sustained growth of height was reported in the four cases with the treatment duration of 30 days or more. Conclusions: It has been identified that oriental medicine assisted improvements of hormone levels and breast pain and growth of height on patients with precocious puberty, yet more case reports and well-designed studies would be necessary to guide better oriental herbal medicine treatment of precocious puberty.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.323-327
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetics of organic cations in intrahepatic cholestatic rats. A pretreatment with $17{\alpha}$-ethynylestradiol was used to induce intrahepatic cholestasis, and tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA) was used as a representative model organic cation. When $[^3H]$TBuMA was intravenously administered, the AUC value for TBuMA was significantly increased by $79\%$ in cholestasis, and its total systemic clearance was consequently decreased by $46\%$. In addition, the in vivo hepatic uptake clearance of TBuMA from the plasma to the liver was decreased by $50\%$ in cholestasis. The concentration of bile salts in plasma was increased by 2.1 fold in cholestatic rats. Since TBuMA forms ion-pair complexes with anionic components such as bile salts, the decreased hepatic uptake of TBuMA in cholestasis may be due to a change in endogenous components, e.g., bile salts in the plasma. In isolated normal hepatocytes, the uptake clearance for TBuMA in the presence of cholestatic plasma was decreased by $20\%$ compared with normal plasma. Therefore, we conclude that the inhibition of the hepatic uptake process by the cholestasis may be in part due to the increased formation of ion-pair complexes of TBuMA with bile salts in the plasma.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.65.1-65.12
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• 2021

Background: To assess the normal retina of the pigeon eye using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and establish a normative reference. Methods: Twelve eyes of six ophthalmologically normal pigeons (Columba livia) were included. SD-OCT images were taken with dilated pupils under sedation. Four meridians, including the fovea, optic disc, red field, and yellow field, were obtained in each eye. The layers, including full thickness (FT), ganglion cell complex (GCC), thickness from the retinal pigmented epithelium to the outer nuclear layer (RPE-ONL), and from the retinal pigmented epithelium to the inner nuclear layer (RPE-INL), were manually measured. Results: The average FT values were significantly different among the four meridians (p < 0.05), with the optic disc meridian being the thickest (294.0 ± 13.9 ㎛). The average GCC was thickest in the optic disc (105.3 ± 27.1 ㎛) and thinnest in the fovea meridian (42.8 ± 15.3 ㎛). The average RPE-INL of the fovea meridian (165.5 ± 18.3 ㎛) was significantly thicker than that of the other meridians (p < 0.05). The average RPE-ONL of the fovea, optic disc, yellow field, and red field were 91.2 ± 5.2 ㎛, 87.7 ± 5.3 ㎛, 87.6 ± 6.5 ㎛, and 91.4 ± 3.9 ㎛, respectively. RPE-INL and RPE-ONL thickness of the red field meridian did not change significantly with measurement location (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Measured data could be used as normative references for diagnosing pigeon retinopathies and further research on avian fundus structure.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.10
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• 2021

Background: Diseases related to cerebrospinal fluid flow, such as hydrocephalus, syringomyelia, and Chiari malformation, are often found in small dogs. Although studies in human medicine have revealed a correlation with cerebrospinal fluid flow in these diseases by magnetic resonance imaging, there is little information and no standard data for normal dogs. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to obtain cerebrospinal fluid flow velocity data from the cerebral aqueduct and subarachnoid space at the foramen magnum in healthy beagle dogs. Methods: Six healthy beagle dogs were used in this experimental study. The dogs underwent phase-contrast and time-spatial labeling inversion pulse magnetic resonance imaging. Flow rate variations in the cerebrospinal fluid were observed using sagittal time-spatial labeling inversion pulse images. The pattern and velocity of cerebrospinal fluid flow were assessed using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging within the subarachnoid space at the foramen magnum level and the cerebral aqueduct. Results: In the ventral aspect of the subarachnoid space and cerebral aqueduct, the cerebrospinal fluid was characterized by a bidirectional flow throughout the cardiac cycle. The mean ± SD peak velocities through the ventral and dorsal aspects of the subarachnoid space and the cerebral aqueduct were 1.39 ± 0.13, 0.32 ± 0.12, and 0.76 ± 0.43 cm/s, respectively. Conclusions: Noninvasive visualization of cerebrospinal fluid flow movement with magnetic resonance imaging was feasible, and a reference dataset of cerebrospinal fluid flow peak velocities was obtained through the cervical subarachnoid space and cerebral aqueduct in healthy dogs.