• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.481-487
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between non-strabismic binocular dysfunctions and academic achievement for primary school children. Methods: A total of 1,123 parents and their children aged 8-13 years responded to the College of Optometrists in Vision Development Quality of Life (COVD-QOL) questionnaire. Among the all participants, 123 children who have ${\geq}20$ of visual symptom scores, no amblyopia, no strabismus, no any ocular and systemic pathology, and no contact lenses wearing were chosen for this study finally. Binocular functions were evaluated for final subjects. Results: Of 123 primary school children who have criteria-eligible symptoms 93 had non-strabismic binocular dysfunctions. Accommodative dysfunction was significantly correlated to subjects of science and English, and vergence dysfunction was also significantly correlated to Korean, mathematics, social science, science and English in the final subjects. Conclusions: Correlations between academic achievement and accommodative/vergence dysfunctions were statistically significant. Therefore, accommodative/vergence dysfunctions may be factors to affect academic achievement.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.51-57
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if monocular and binocular accommodative facility tests would be useful in diagnosing general binocular dysfunctions. Methods: 95 symptomatic children, who were selected from comprehensive vision tests, were classified into four groups (29 subjects with accommodative dysfunctions, 28 subjects with vergence dysfunctions, 25 subjects with combined accommodative and vergence dysfunctions, 13 subjects with normal binocular functions). Monocular and binocular accommodative facility was measured with ${\pm}$2.00 D flipper lenses. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that binocular accommodative facility measurement was significantly lower than monocular accommodative measurement in the vergence dysfunction group (p<0.01). However, there were no differences between monocular and binocular accommodative facility measurements in the group of accommodative or combined accommodative and vergence dysfunction (p>0.05). In addition, subjects with general binocular dysfunctions performed significantly poorer than subjects with normal binocular function on monocular and binocular accommodative facility (p<0.000). Conclusions: As a result of this study, monocular and binocular accommodative facility test, which could differentiate dysfunction from normal as well as between dysfunctions, indicated useful means for diagnosis of general binocular dysfunctions.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 1995

Schiophrenia is characterized by a variety of cognitive dysfunctions. A number of research findings suggest that schizophrenic patients have global deficits in cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, executive functions, and motor functions. These cognitive deficits, once they arise, tend to become relatively stable. In spite of much efforts to search for the cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia, there are no specific deficits or localizations found. It is necessary that future neuropsychological research of schizophrenia should include relationships between symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions and their relationships to treatment.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 2015

Purpose: In order to aggregate effect of the improvement of binocular vision function by vision therapy, total mean effect size, mean effect size by dependent variables, and effect size by characteristics of the subjects and characteristics of treatment were analyzed by meta-analysis. Methods: We analyzed data from 14 Korean National primary studies, which reported effects of vision therapy programs, using meta-analysis. Results: The effect size of total mean was 1.207, which showed high effect. The mean effect size according to the subcategory of the binocular dysfunctions was the highest for vergence dysfunctions group (2.989), followed by accommodative dysfunctions group (0.868) and group with both vergence dysfunctions and accommodative dysfunctions (0.692). The effect size according to the characteristics of the subjects was the highest in the vision therapy conducted in the binocular dysfunctions group (2.509) that had no other dysfunctions. The mean effect size according to the number of programs was the highest (2.310) for 7 times a week. Vision therapy for improving the binocular functions was the most effective (2.019) in 8 weeks later from vision therapy start. Conclusions: It can prove that the therapy for the improvement of binocular vision function is effective through that each result of the vision therapy effect is converted to mean effect size, and being objectifying the mean effect size.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2023

Background: Type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) is an emerging global pandemic which is associated with lots of co-morbidities and reported vascular dysfunctions. T2DM associated vascular dysfunctions leads to vasculopathy in the form of altered peripheral vascular dynamics. Cold stress test (CST) is a reliable sympathetic reactivity test used for assessing vascular dysfunctions. In this study we are trying to quantify vascular dysfunctions in T2DM patients non invasively by various parameters of photoplethysmography (PPG) of cold stress test. Methods: Case control study had done in referral health center AIIMS, Raipur. Parameters are recorded by finger-PPG before, during and after CST (1 min) in 2 groups, control (n = 20 healthy volunteers) and case (n = 20 diagnosed T2DM patients). Results: Due to cold stress, PPG parameter peak amplitude was significantly decreased in both healthy and T2DM groups (p <0.001 and p <0.001, respectively). However, recovery trend of amplitude was significantly slow in T2DM compared to healthy subjects. Another PPG parameter peak to peak interval was significantly higher in healthy group compared to T2DM patients. Conclusions: This study showed that T2DM patients has significant deranged pulse volume parameters like amplitude and peak to peak interval can be used to objectively quantify the vasculopathy in T2DM patients by using sympathetic reactivity to cold stress.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.235-259
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• 2001

This study investigates a variety of dysfunctions and dynamics accompanied with the spread of advanced technology, and predicts the developmental directions of future uncertain society. There are, further, proper countermeasures against dysfunctions discussed. First, different theoretical paradigms concerned with the relationship between seience/technology and society would be comparatively analyzed, and their techno-social implications would be examined. Next, the latest trend of bio-technology and information technology, especially the trend of combination of bio- and information technology, appeared in the progress of Human Genome Project, would be considered. Thirdly, techno-social dysfunctions and far-reaching effects following the development of high-technologies would be analyzed, and realistic alternative plans would be suggested. Through this study, we come to a conclusion that, in order to reduce techno-social dysfunctions to a minimum and enhance their eufunctions, not only 'human' control over technological development should be guaranteed, but also action plan for bridging social gaps should be prepared. In addition, fluent communication and mutual understanding of all concerned, particularly between researcher community, government, and civic sector are required.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.131-135
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• 2015

The thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. Moreover, the thyroid gland continuously interacts with the ovaries, and the thyroid hormones are involved in almost all phases of reproduction. Thyroid dysfunctions are relatively common among women of reproductive age, and can affect fertility in various ways, resulting in anovulatory cycles, high prolactin levels, and sex hormone imbalances. Undiagnosed and untreated thyroid disease can be a cause of subfertility. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), also known as mild thyroid failure, is diagnosed when peripheral thyroid hormone levels are within the normal reference laboratory range, but serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are mildly elevated. Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is characterized by the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies, which include anti-thyroperoxidase and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. SCH and TAI may remain latent, asymptomatic, or even undiagnosed for an extended period. It has also been demonstrated that controlled ovarian hyperstimulation has a significant impact on thyroid function, particularly in women with TAI. In the current review, we describe the interactions between thyroid dysfunctions and subfertility, as well as the proper work-up and management of thyroid dysfunctions in subfertile women.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.385-392
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• 2013

This case report presents a 34-year-old female patient. Her chief complaints are akinetic mutism and cognitive dysfunctions. We have diagnosed her with leukoencephalopathy. She was treated with Korean traditional herbal medicines (Joojackwhan) for 33 days continuously. The effects of treatment were measured by the Korean Mini - Mental State Examination and Modified Bathel Index. After treatment, her chief complaints have been improved. Furthermore, the K-MMSE, MBI scores increased. From this case, we deduced that the Korean traditional herbal medicines (Joojackwhan) could be effective for cognitive dysfunctions and akinetic mutism caused by leukoencephalopathy.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.161-167
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• 2010

Social individualized broadcasting increases rapidly in an environment that combines communication and broadcasting. Real-time individualized broadcasting is a service that is provided by multiple individuals to many and unspecified persons. In contrast, newly introduced individualized broadcasting service is a service that has not been experienced socially and culturally and therefore many problems are expected. The newly emerging real-time individualized broadcasting service may bring about various dysfunctions as well as desirable functions. Establishment of guideline and its implementation based in vulnerability analysis are necessary to prevent the expected dysfunctions and reinforce the desirable functions. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine dysfunctions of the information-oriented society which threaten cyber-norms, cyber-morality, cyber-dangers, cyber-democracy, etc. at the level of social individualized broadcasting service and to propose appropriate guidelines. Through this paper, first, future changes of dysfunctions of the information-oriented society due to individualized broadcasting service can be forecast, and countermeasures and policy directions can be proposed. Second, Dysfunctions of ICT-based service that may emerge in individualized broadcasting service can be forecast and correct guideline can be prepared to reduce potential dangers and increase desirable functions of the service. This paper will analyze in various aspects the characteristics of a new media with the focus on individualized broadcasting service among the new ICT-integrated services, and forecast the appearance and aggravation of the dysfunctions and then draw the guideline.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.85-98
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• 2000

Objective : There are four possible explanations for the sexual dysfunction of schizophrenics. The first is the possibility of a real structural aspect. The second possibility is that sexual function changes secondary to the illness. The third possibility is that there are medical and sociocultural barriers to sexual expression for chronic schizophrenics. The fourth possibility is that sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic medication. However, we didn't know the precise cause of sexual dysfunction in schizophrenics. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism of illness itself and antipsychotics on sexual dysfunction in male schizophrenics. Methods : The serum prolactin(PRL), testosterone(TST), and the plasma serotonin(5-HT) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and high performance liquid chromatography method for 100 healthy male schizophrenics according to the DSM-IV. Concomitantly, the severity of psychotic symptoms using Clinical Global Impression(CGI), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS), and the severity of side effects for antipsychotics using Extrapyramidal Side Effects Scale(EPSE), Anticholinergic Side Effects Scale(ACSE), the cognitive function using PANSS-Cognitive Function(PANSS-CF), Mini Mental State Exam-Korean(MMSE-K), and the sexual dysfunction using Sexual Functioning Questionnaire(SFQ), Questionnaire for Sexual Dysfunction in Men were assessed. The PRL, TST, and 5-HT levels of 50 healthy male controls who had no medical, neurological, and psychiatric illnesses were evaluated. The sexual function using SFQ(items FGa, FNa) were also assessed. Furthermore, the correlation with age, education, religion, economic status, age at onset, duration of illnesses, duration of admission, levels of PRL, TST, 5-HT, antipsychotic dosages, potency, benztropine, total duration of medication, EPSE, ACSE, CGI, BPRS, PANSS, PANSS-CF, MMSE-K and sexual dysfunctions were identified in male schizophrenics. Results : 1) The frequencies of sexual dysfunctions for schizophrenics(80%) were significantly(p<0.001) higher than those for controls(42%). The sexual dysfunctions according to sexual response cycle were 'low sexual desire' 76%, 'impairment of achieving erection' 75%, 'impairment of maintaining erection' 75%, 'impairment of obtaining orgasm' 32%, 'impairment in the quality of orgasm' 61%, 'impairment in quantity of ejaculate' 44%, 'premature ejaculation' 15%, and 'delayed ejaculation' 50%. 2) The PRL, 5-HT levels of schizophrenics($28.5{\pm}20.6ng/ml$, $298.5{\pm}89.1ng/ml$) were significantly(p<0.001) higher than those of controls($10{\pm}5.6ng/ml$, $169.2{\pm}37.8ng/ml$), while the TST levels of schizophrenics($4.3{\pm}1.5ng/ml$) and controls($4.5{\pm}1.2ng/ml$) were not significantly different. The sexual dysfunctions of schizophrenics who had abnormal 5-HT levels($4.7{\pm}1.3$ scores) were significantly(p<0.05) higher than those of who had normal 5-HT levels($3.8{\pm}1.6$ scores) on item D7. 3) The sexual dysfunctions of unmarried schizophrenics were significantly(p<0.01 : p<0.05) higher than those of married schizophrenics($6.1{\pm}2.8$ scores, $4.7{\pm}1.3$ scores on item FGa : ${\beta}$=-0.211 on item FNa). The sexual dysfunctions were positively correlated with the rise of 5-HT levels(r=0.209, p<0.05 on item D4 and r=0.241, p<0.05 on item D7), the higher age at onset(r=0.275, p<0.01 on item FNa : r=-0.202, p<0.05 on item FDa), the longer duration of illnesses(r=0.237, p<0.05 on item D6), the longer duration of admission(r=0.234, p<0.05 on item D4 : r=0.328, p<0.05 on item D6), the longer total duration of medication(r=0.237, p<0.05 on item D6). However, age, education, religion, economic status, PRL, TST levels, antipsychotics dosage, potency, benztropine, ACSE, CGI, BPRS, PANSS, PANSS-CF, MMSE-K scores were not correlated with increased sexual dysfunctions. Conclusions : Male schizophrenics have significantly more sexual dysfunction to compare with controls. The higher frequencies of sexual dysfunctions were low sexual desire and erectile disorder. The unmarried, higher age at onset, and longer duration of diseases were positively correlated with increased sexual dysfunctions. Also high 5-HT levels were positively correlated with increased sexual dysfunctions. This means that studies of plasma 5-HT levels, albeit questionable indicators of central 5-HT function, offer some additional support for the association of sexual dysfunction with excess 5-HT activity as primary pathology of schizophrenia. Our findings suggest that excess 5-HT activity seems to affect the patient's sexual function.