• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.389-394
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• 2000

To utilize deteriorated sweet persimmon(Diospyros kaki T.) effectively, this study was investigated about the effective (Dying method of the powder. Chemical components, minerals, fatty acids and amino acids of hot-air dried and freeze dried conditions were determined Sample conditions used on analysis as follow; pretreatments of hot-air dry and freeze dry were soft, soft+peel, mixer, mixer+peel. The contents of crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash of hot-air dry were 0.9-1.1%,15.0-39.0% and 2.3-3.3%, respectively. And those of freeze dry were 1.3-2.2%, 27.-49.0% and 2.5%, respectively. Potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium and sodium content in hot-air dry and freeze dry were high. Other minerals were less than 3.00ppm in all conditions. The major fatty acid contents were detected capric acid(C$\^$10:0/), lauric acid(C$\_$l2:0)/, tridecanoic acid(C$\_$13:00/), palmitic acid(C$\_$l6:00/), palmitoleic acid(C$\_$l6:1/), oleic acid(C$\_$18:1), linoleic acid(C$\_$18:2/), linolenic acid(C$\_$18:3/). The essential amino acids such as aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, methirmine, isoleucine, leucine, tryosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, arginine in freeze dry were contained richly. On the basis of chemical analysis, hot-air dry method will have to supply the additional different method, because simple hot-air dry method was shorten the dry time but had many problems. Therefore, the effective drying method considering changed color and nutrition was shown freeze dry method.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.14-25
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the present state, types of services, difficulties, education programs, motivation, satisfaction and attitude of hospice volunteers and also to suggest supporting programs for the volunteer. For these purposes, a questionnaire was distributed among the 200 hospice volunteers in ten hospice organizations in Daejeon and Chungcheong province. In this research, 85.5% of the respondents were women and most of them were housewives in their forties and fifties. The majority of hospice volunteers had an education background of more than high school. Christianity (94%) was the dominant religion of volunteers. Among the service area of the hospice, emotional caring, such as listening closely and establishing empathy were the most frequently done by the respondents and the next one was spiritual care. Hospice volunteers who had started with altruistic motivation show more dynamic activities in emotional, spiritual, physical caring and so on, than those with non-altruistic motivation. Most of the respondents expressed that they felt a hospice volunteer was valuable. However they had a hard time to overcome the sorrow coming from sharing empathy with the dying patients. Those who had started with altruistic motivation usually took part in two times per a week and had more positive attitude. Volunteers who had been working more than five years showed better attitude than those who had been working less than three years. The longer the voluntary services, the more positive attitude experienced by volunteers. Hospice volunteers encountered the most considerable difficulty with lack of background knowledge and their actual capability. Insufficiency of time was the next reason for the considerable difficulty of the hospice volunteer. On the other hand, those who served more than twice per week replied that lack of background knowledge and their capability were the least considerable difficulty. Insufficiency of time was the reason of difficulty for male volunteers, as well as for females under thirty and those in their forties and fifties respectively. Generally most of the hospice volunteers (70%) were satisfied with their services and they usually satisfied with physical caring, spiritual caring, hospice's family caring. The less difficulty in voluntary services, more satisfaction for the volunteers in the end. There is a positive correlation between a attitude of the hospice volunteer and frequency of voluntary services while the volunteers' difficulty affect negatively their attitude as well as the frequency of voluntary services. Most of the hospice volunteers want to have more education about basic skills, volunteer's attitude and role, spirituality, the way of attending on the hospice and so on. Most of them considered discussion and sharing different cases as the most effective method. They also wish to had more supporting programs for the hospice volunteers(in the order of their needs) such as regular events, newsletters, personal concern, social meetings among the volunteers, insurance and minimum expenses. Based on the study results, more programs should be run in order to activate the voluntary services regardless of their gender and education background. A continuous practical supporting policy and education programs are required in order to provide special education and training courses considering every field of voluntary services. Expanding the role of the volunteers allows them more opportunities to take part in voluntary services and th activate participation. It is necessary to establish a new hospice system as a part public medical system, which can not only facilitate the voluntary services for a hospice but also enhance professional hospice volunteers. Finally, experts are needed to operate the voluntary services effectively.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.623-634
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• 2005

Human periodontal ligament fibroblast(hPDLF) is very important to cure periodontal tissue because it can be diverged into various cells. This study examined the expression of MMP-1, TIMP-1, periodontal ligament specific PDLs22, Type I collagen, Fibronectin, TIMP-2, telomerase mRNA in a replicative senescence of hPDLF. The periodontal ligament tissue was obtained from periodontally healthy and non-carious human teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons at the Chosun University Hospital of Dentistry with the donors' informed consent. The hPDLF cells were cultured in a medium containing Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium(DMEM, Gibco BRL, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum(FBS, Gibco BRL, USA) at 37C in humidified air with 5% $CO_2$. For the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) analysis, the total RNA of the 2, 4, 8, 16, 18, and 21 passage cells was extracted using a Trizol Reagent(Invitrogen, USA) in replicative hPDL cells. Two passage cells, i.e. young cells, served as the control, and ${\beta}-actin$ served as the internal control for RT-PCR The results of this study about cell morphology and gene expression according to aging of hPDLF using RT-PCR method are as follows: 1. The size of hPDLF was increased with aging and it was showed that the hPDLF was dying in the final passage. 2. PDLs22 mRNA was expressed in young hPDLF of the two, four, and six passage. 3. TIMP-1 mRNA was expressed in young hPDLF of the two and four passage. 4. There was a tendency that MMP-1 mRNA was weakly expressed over eighteen. 5. Type 1 collagen mRNA was expressed in almost all passages, but it was not expressed in the final passage. 6. Fibronectin mRNA was observed in all passages and it was weakly expressed in the final passage. 7. TIMP-2 and telomerase mRNA were not expressed in this study. Based on above results, it was observed that PDLs22, Type 1 collagen, Fibronectin, MMP-1. and TIMP-1 mRNA in hPDLF were expressed differently with aging. The study using the hPDLF that is collected from healthy patients and periodontitis patients needs in further study.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.640-645
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• 2016

Microglial cells are immediately activated in the central nervous system in response to a variety of neuronal environmental changes, such as injuries or inflammation. In addition to the modulation of the intrinsic immune response, a key role of microglial cells is the phagocytosis of dying cells and cellular debris. In this study, the inhibitory effects of epigallocatechine-3-gallate (EGCG), a most abundant and active polyphenol component of green tea, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation are determined. EGCG dose dependently suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide production and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in BV-2 microglial cells. EGCG are potent LPS-induced inhibitors of several pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, in microglial cells. Furthermore, EGCG generally inhibits the induction of LPS-mediated microglial activation and potently inhibits the phagocytosis of LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. Although the conditioned media from LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells caused the SN4741 cell death, that from the conditioned media of EGCG pretreated BV-2 cells did not diminish the viability of SN4741 cells. These results suggest EGCG, a green tea polyphenol, could be a promising available molecule for the modulation of harmful microglial activation.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.879-897
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• 2007

The Royal District in Gyeungju-city was placed in lower surface of alluvial fan that was formed during the Last Glacial Age. During the Holocene, Bukcheon-river was reached in the dynamic equilibrium status and the form of river channel was similar or same to the present. The cases of dying people and carrying houses away by flood for ancient history in Gyeongju were six times, in 131, 160, 350, 496, 657 and 703. Like this big flood was happened at interval of $150{\sim}200$years. A period of big flood appearance in Bukcheon-river was extremely long. Therefore the people who had lived in Gyeongju for ancient history perceived that most part of riverbed of Bukcheon-river was a safety place from flood damages. Not only private houses. In east part of Bunhwangsa temple, that is, west side of Bukcheon-river where the river energy is maximum, a pillow block was built to prevent a lateral erosion but any artificial riverbank was not. In spite of high flood possibility in Bukcheon-river, there was no facility to prevent floods in this section. Also, deposits of flood are not identified. This point is very suggestive that Bukcheon-river did not flood for ancient history.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.111-129
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• 1984

The purpose of this study is to make a model of Family Life Cycle in Korea now. Answers to a questionnaire were collected from 724 housewives in Seoul area, 232 housewives in big cities, 203 housewives in small cities. The questionnaire contained 10 items about family situations,. Analyzing method employed for modeling to family life cycle are frequency, percentage, X2 -test . Results and findings are as follows; 1) The mean of first marriage age is 22.4yrs old. 23.5yrs old is the result of statistical materials published by E.P.B. 1975. The age of first marriage is higher according to the age, education & residential area. 2) The mean of first baby bearing age is 24.2 yrs old (generally 1 year after marriage). This age is the same as the result of statistical materials published by E.P.B. 3) the mean of last baby berating age is 32.6 yrs old compared to the E.P.B. statistical materials 3 yrs. low. This age is very different according to the age, education & residential area. 4) The mean of first child marriage age is 46.4 yrs old compared to the E.P.B. statistical materials 2.5 yrs old low. 5) the mean of last marriage age is 52.7 yrs old. this age is also 2.3 yrs low compared to the result of E.P.B. materials. 6) The number of child & interval is quite different according to the result of family planning generation of not. 7)According to the wife's employment, it does not show and difference. 8)The result of analyzing by F.L.C.,, we don't have launching stage & middle age stage apparently. So, we can make model of F.L.C. in Korea as follows (it will be change). 1) Establishment stage; from marriage to first baby born (23yrs old -24yrs old). 2) Child bearing & rearing stage; form first baby born to first child enter primary school(24 yrs old-30 yrs old). 3) Families with children's education stage; from first child primary school to high school graduation (30 yrs old-42yrs old) 4)Families with adult children stage; form first child got army college or stay at home(42 yrs- 48 yrs old). 5)Families with children's marriage stage; from first child marriage to last child marriage (48yrs old-57yrs old). 6) Aging stage; from last child marriage to self dying.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.69 no.2
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• pp.81-94
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• 2010

Background: Autophagy is an important adaptive mechanism in normal development and in response to changing environmental stimuli in cancer. Previous papers have reported that different types of cancer underwent autophagy to obtain amino acids as energy source of dying cells in nutrient-deprived conditions. However, whether or not autophagy in the process of lung cancer causes death or survival is controversial. Therefore in this study, we investigated whether nutrient deprivation induces autophagy in human H460 lung cancer cells. Methods: H460, lung cancer cells were incubated in RPMI 1640 medium, and the starved media, which are BME and RPMI media without serum, including 2-deoxyl-D-glucose according to time dependence. To evaluate the viability and find out the mechanism of cell death under nutrient-deprived conditions, the MTT assay and flow cytometry were done and analyzed the apoptotic and autophagic related proteins. It is also measured the development of acidic vascular organelles by acridine orange. Results: The nutrient-deprived cancer cell is relatively sensitive to cell death rather than normal nutrition. Massive cytoplasmic vacuolization was seen under nutrient-deprived conditions. Autophagic vacuoles were visible at approximately 12 h and as time ran out, vacuoles became larger and denser with the increasing number of vacuoles. In addition, the proportion of acridine orange stain-positive cells increased according to time dependence. Localization of GFP-LC3 in cytoplasm and expression of LC-3II and Beclin 1 were increased according to time dependence on nutrient-deprived cells. Conclusion: Nutrient deprivation induces cell death through autophagy in H460 lung cancer cells.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.5B
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• pp.260-267
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• 2008

As pervious the SAR(Security Aware Routing)[10] protocol is an secure Ad Hoc network protocol that finds a secure path, it is the security routing protocol that uses the security level of nodes as the routing information. However, the SAR protocol sometimes transfers data through inefficient transmission paths because it always tries to find secure nodes for a safe transmission. Since it is a protocol based on AODV[6], it will cause transmission delay as researching of security routing path. when a node is out of the data transmission range as its battery dying or movement. Although it is possible to connection of nodes because a characteristic of the SAR protocol, the connection is not easy to reconnect when the security level of intermediate node is lower than the level requested by a source node. In this paper, we suggest the MP-SAR based on the SAR to solve the SAR protocol's problem. The MP-SAR seeks multiple secure path for maintenance of data confidentiality using the expanded secure path detection techniques based on the SAR. It can transfer data quickly and reliably by using the shortest efficient path among multiple paths. In the research result, we proved a outstanding performance of MP-SAR than the previous SAR through comparison and analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.4328-4334
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• 2015

We determined a method to determine marine planktonic organism viability using Evan's blue, Aniline blue, and 5-choromethyfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA). The Evan's blue and Aniline blue methods produced bright blue light for dead phytoplankton and zooplankton and were the best dyes to detect dead cells. The staining efficiency of Evan's blue and Aniline blue were ${\geq}90%$ of the original field sample. However, it was difficult to test the efficiency of a ship's ballast water treatment system because detection of living cells. In contrast, the CMFDA method, which is based on measuring cell esterase activity using a fluorimetric stain, was the best dye to detect live cells of almost all phytoplankton species, and staining efficiency was 70%. The CMFDA method is similar to the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining method. Therefore, we estimated viability of phytoplankton species using a double-staining method by combining CMFDA and FDA to determine optimum staining efficiency. As a result, the frequency of dying cells based on the double-staining method was 95%, which was significantly higher than that of single CMDFA staining. Our results suggest that a CMDFA + FDA assay is more effective to determine survival of marine plankton and that this method was applicable to investigate the efficacy of a ship's ballast water treatment system.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2011

Background: A peripheral extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (p-ECMO) has been developed to support patients who are dying due to a serious cardiopulmonary condition. This analysis was planned to define the clinical situation in which the patient benefits most from a p-ECMO. Material and Methods: Between June 2007 and Aug 2009, a total of 41 adult patients used the p-ECMO. There were 23 males and 18 females (mean age $54.4{\pm}15.1$ years). All patients had very unstable vital signs with hypoxia and complex cardiac problems. We divided the patients into 4 groups. In the first group, a p-ECMO was used as a bridge to cardiac operation. In the second group, patients did not have the opportunity to undergo any cardiac procedures; nevertheless, they were treated with a p-ECMO. In the third group, patients mostly had difficulty in weaning from CPB (cardiopulmonary bypass) after cardiac operation. The fourth group suffered from many complications, such as pneumonia, bleeding, infections, and LV dysfunction with underlying cardiac problems. All cannulations were performed by the Seldinger technique or cutting down the femoral vessel. A long venous cannula of $DLP^{(R)}$ (Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN) or $RMI^{(R)}$ (Edwards Lifesciences LLC, Irvine, CA) was used together with a 17~21 Fr arterial cannula and a 21 Fr venous cannula. As a bypass pump, a Capiox emergency bypass system ($EBS^{(R)}$; Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) was used. We attempted to maintain a flow rate of $2.4{\sim}3.0\;L/min/m^2$ and an activated clotting time (ACT) of around 180 seconds. Results: Nine patients survived by the use of the p-ECMO. Ten patients were weaned from a p-ECMO but they did not survive, and the remainder had no chance to be weaned from the p-ECMO. The best clinical situation to apply the p-ECMO was to use it as a bridge to cardiac operation and for weaning from CPB after cardiac operation. Conclusion: Various clinical results were derived by p-ECMO according to the clinical situation. For the best results, early adoption of the p-ECMO for anatomical correction appears important.