• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.854-857
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• 2008

Wireless sensor consists of an internal power source which has limited life time. Several MAC protocols have exploited scheduled sleep/listen cycles to conserve energy in sensor networks. Duty cycle is a user-adjustable parameter in low duty cycle MAC protocols, which determines the length of the sleep period in a frame. The sire of duty cycle has direct effect on the Performance of MAC Protocols. In this Paper, we simulated TEEM (A Traffic Aware, Energy Efficient MAC) and S-MAC in NS-2 with different duty cycle values and analyze how duty-cycle effects on the performance and energy consumption of both the protocols.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.2433-2452
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• 2017

Recently, the pipeline-forwarding has been proposed as a new technique to resolve the end-to-end latency problem of the duty-cycle MAC protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Some protocols based on this technique such as PMAC and PRI-MAC have shown an improvement not only in terms of reducing end-to-end latency but also in terms of reducing power consumption. In these protocols, however, the sensor nodes still waste a significant amount of energy for unnecessary idle listening during contention period of upstream nodes to check the channel activity. This paper proposes a new pipeline-forwarding duty-cycle MAC protocol, named RP-MAC (Reduced Pipelined duty-cycle MAC), which tries to reduce the waste of energy. By taking advantage of ACK mechanism and shortening the handshaking procedure, RP-MAC minimizes the time for checking the channel and therefore reduces the energy consumption due to unnecessary idle listening. When comparing RP-MAC with the existing solution PRI-MAC and RMAC, our QualNet-based simulation results show a significant improvement in term of energy consumption.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.857-869
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• 2016

This paper proposes an X-MAC/BEB protocol that runs a binary exponential backoff (BEB) algorithm on top of an X-MAC protocol to save more energy by reducing collision, especially in densely populated wireless sensor networks (WSNs). X-MAC, a lightweight asynchronous duty cycle medium access control (MAC) protocol, was introduced for spending less energy than its predecessor, B-MAC. One of X-MAC 's conspicuous technique is a mechanism to allow senders to promptly send their data when their receivers wake up. X-MAC, however, has no mechanism to deal with sudden traffic fluctuations that often occur whenever closely located nodes simultaneously diffuse their sense data. To precisely evaluate the impact of the BEB algorithm on X-MAC, this paper builds an analytical model of X-MAC/BEB that integrates the BEB model with the X-MAC model. The analytical and simulation results confirmed that X-MAC/BEB outperformed X-MAC in terms of throughput, delay, and energy consumption, especially in congested WSNs.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.180-186
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• 2017

In this paper we propose a traffic aware Demand Wakeup MAC(TADW-MAC) protocol, in which low data delay and high throughput can be achieved, for wireless sensor networks. With the TADW-MAC protocol, the problem of the DW-MAC protocol, which schedules only one packet to deliver during the Sleep period in a multi-hop transmission is resolved. DW-MAC is not adequate for the applications such as object tracking and fire detection, in which busty data should be transmitted in a limited time when an event occurs [6-8]. When an event occurs, duty cycle can be adjusted in the TADW-MAC protocol to get less energy consumption and low latency. The duty cycle mechanism has been widely used to save energy consumption of sensor node due to idle listening in wireless sensor networks. But additional delay in packet transmission may be increased in the mechanism. Our simulation results show that TADW-MAC outperforms RMAC and DW-MAC in terms of energy efficiency while achieving low latency.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.6A
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• pp.506-514
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• 2009

To minimize energy consumption, most of MAC Protocols in WSNs exploit low duty cycling. Among those, RMAC [4] allows a node to transmit a data packet for multiple hops in a single duty cycle, which is made possible by exploiting a control frame named Pioneer (PION) in setting up the path. In this paper, we present a MAC Protocol called Hop Extended MAC (HE-MAC) that transmits the data packet for more multiple hops in a single duty cycle. It employs an EXP (Explorer) frame to set up the multiple hop transmission, which contains the information of the maximum hop that a packet can be transmitted. With the use of the information in EXP and an internal state of Ready to Receive (RTR), HEMAC extends the relay of the packet beyond the termination of the data period by two more hops compared to RMAC. Along with our proposed adaptive sleeping method, it also reduces power consumption and handles heavy traffic efficiently without experiencing packet inversion observed in RMAC. We analytically obtain the packet delivery latency in HE-MAC and evaluate the performance through ns-2 simulations. Compared to RMAC, HE-MAC achieves 14% less power consumption and 20% less packet delay on average for a random topology of 300 nodes.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.39B no.10
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• pp.691-699
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• 2014

In order to increase network lifetime, duty-cycle MAC protocols which can reduce energy consumption caused by idle listening is proposed for WSNs. In common duty-cycle MAC protocols, each sensor node calculates its duty-cycle interval based on the current amount of residual energy. However, in WSNs with the capability of energy harvesting, existing duty-cycle intervals based on the residual energy may cause the sensor nodes which have high energy harvesting rate to suffer unnecessary sleep latency. Therefore, a duty-cycle scheduling scheme which adjust the duty-cycle interval based on both of the residual energy and the energy harvesting rate was proposed in our previous work. However, since this duty-cycle MAC protocol overlooked the performance variation according to the change of duty-cycle interval and adjusted the duty-cycle interval only linearly, the optimal duty-cycle interval could not be obtained to meet application requirements. In this paper, we propose three methods which calculate the duty-cycle interval and analyse their results. Through simulation study, we verify that network lifetime, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio can be improved up to 23%, 44% and 31% as compared to the existing linear duty-cycle scheduling method, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37A no.11
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• pp.903-917
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• 2012

For transmitting sensed data, wireless sensor networks have been developed and researched for the improvement of energy efficiency, hence, many MAC protocols in WSN employ the duty cycle mechanism. Since the progressed development of the low power transceiver and processor let the high energy efficiency come true, the delivery of the multimedia data which occurs in area of sensor work should be needed to provide supplemental information. In this paper, we design a new scheme for massive transmission of large multimedia data where the duty cycle is used in contention based MAC protocol, for WMSN. The proposed scheme can be applied into the previous duty cycle mechanism because it provides two operation between normal operation and massive transmission operation. Measuring the buffer status of sender and the condition of current radio channel can be criteria for the decision of the above two operations. This paper shows the results of the experiment by performing the simulation. The target protocol of the experiment is X-MAC which is contention based MAC protocol for WSN. And two approaches, both X-MAC which operates only duty cycle and X-MAC which operates combined massive transmission scheme, are used for the comparative experiment.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.45-55
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• 2012

The energy efficiency is extremely significant in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) which deliver the data sensed in the sensor field, using wireless communications. Under the characteristics of WSN, many MAC protocols employ the Duty Cycle mechanism which continuously operates Wakeup and Sleep periods, for the energy efficiency. However, constant Wakeup period in general Duty Cycle incurs the limited performance of the energy efficiency and the receiving ratio. For addressing this, we design and propose a new scheme called Variable Wakeup Period, considering local traffic conditions. Our scheme enhances receiving ratio by increasing Wakeup period under the high traffic condition, and makes high energy efficiency by decreasing Wakeup period under the otherwise condition. In addition, we evaluate the performance of our scheme by performing the simulation, which experiments the previous synchronous and asynchronous MAC protocols, and which also experiments the same protocols with the proposed scheme, for comparative evaluations.

• Annual Conference of KIPS
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.527-528
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• 2009

Presuming energy as a crucial resource, several duty cycle based MAC protocol have been proposed for wireless sensor network. However, these protocols have long latency problem for paying more attention on energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose Data Predicted Wakeup Based Duty Cycle MAC (DPW-MAC) for Wireless Sensor Networks for delay sensitive periodic applications in which timely delivery of data is a major concern with the maintenance of duty cycle.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.99-103
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• 2006

In this paper, we focus on the problem of designing an energy efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks and analyze S(Sensor)-MAC and T(Time-out)-MAC. S-MAC is based on the concept of the 'listen/sleep mode cycle'. This applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data moves through the network. However unlike the S-MAC, where the duration of the cycle is fixed, T-MAC introduces an adaptive duty cycle in a novel way: by dynamical ending the active part of it. This reduces the amount of energy wasted on idle listening, in which nodes wait for potentially incoming messages while still maintaining a reasonable throughput. In this paper we discuss the design of these two Protocols. We analyze them from the aspect of latency, throughput, and power savings when using the OMNeT++ simulator in various environments.