• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.543-552
• /
• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the pattern of physical restraints used in ICUs and to identify influencing factors of application and removal of restraints. Method: The subjects of this study were 90 restrained patients out of 215 patients over 6 years old who were admitted to 6 ICUs in SMC during a 2 weeks period. The data was collected through a questionnaire of characteristics, guidelines and nursing care of restraint uses. The data were analyzed by non-parametric statistic with the use of the SAS program. Results: The restraints were applied to 31.4% of subjects. Mean time of physical restraint was $36.76{\pm}55.7$ hours. There were significant difference with mean time and frequency according to duty shift. GCS, restless behavior and discomfort factors, medical devices, and life sustaining devices had significant relation with application of restraints. In addition, the mean time of restraints used were related significantly with GCS, restless behavior, and discomfort factors. Conclusion: The used of restraints were dependent on mainly the nurses' decision. Thus ICU nurses have to develop the guidelines to applying restraints and removal of restraints in regard to patients rights and ethics. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of application of the restraints is essential in professional nursing.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.104-108
• /
• 2008

Recently, studies conducted by our research group, revealed the possibility for reducing BSFC, NOx and PM emissions to meet the Euro 4 & 5 legislations. The main objective of the present study is to get better fuel economy in commercial vehicles by considering real driving conditions. Firstly, in order to improve fuel economy on fields, specifically it is required to analyze the driving pattern and make the representative modes from real field data. Secondly, it is performed to make the engine dynometer test to optimize the fuel consumption by reflecting on the representative driving modes, based on the Korea 2008 emission legislation equal to the Euro 4. The engine components such as engine calibration, combustion chamber, turbocharger and ancilliaries were modified to optimize vehicle fuel economy over a typical customer drive cycle whilst still meeting the exhaust emission restrictions. Finally, these results were confirmed by field testing of vehicle equipped with the updated calibration engine. It was placed the two vehicles together traveling the same route and accomplishing the same amount of stops(back to back), in order to evaluate the fuel consumption in comparison to the current vehicle. Through several repeats such as the engine calibration and field test, we could get 3 % to 7.7 % vehicle fuel economy improvements compared to previous vehicle.

• The Journal of Bigdata
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.125-138
• /
• 2020

After the spread of COVID-19 in 2020, the country's Crisis Alert Level went up to the highest level, Level 4. Respond of COVID-19 pandemic, Governments, and cities secured each province's duty for the citizens. The government provided health assistance first and stepped forward to support the necessary resources for the citizens. Busan City proposed policy response to prepare and implement the Corona support for each county as well. The high occupant rate of self-business owners lost basic incomes, and the effect varies on industries. In our paper, to avoid any crisis in such an epidemic, we propose a clustering analysis for the guidance of policy support for Busan City. By analyzing patterns and clustering on districts and Sectors, we would like to provide reference materials for determining the direction of support and guiding preemptive response in the event of a similar epidemic.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
• /
• no.1
• /
• pp.89-101
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study ins to verify the characteristic location of Byungyoung Castle, physical type, inside spatial organization, and the scheme of Byungyoung Castle. The study utilizes historic literature, ancient maps related to Byungyoung Castle, topographical and cadastral maps which were published under the rule of Japanese Imperialism Castle, topographical and cadastral maps which were published under the rule of Japanese Imperialism and the topographical maps which were made recently by National Geographic Institute with various scales. The methodology of the study is to interpret the contents from the historic literature on the site map. The methodology of the study is to interpret the contents from the historic literature on the site map. The result of the study is as follows; Byungyoung Castle does duty as a defensive base for the entire country and has a specific character of location that has the dual function of a mountain fortress for national defense and of a village fortress for the town. Byungyoung Castle has four gates on four sides and has a oval shape very close to a circular form. The road construction inside the castle is composed basically of a cross shape. Byungyoung is located in the northwest area of this major road system. The private houses that lie along the north-south road are build up at the core area of the lower level and the town market built up around the south gate becomes the heart of life for the people. Schematically, it has the same pattern as regular village fortress, in that the houses for the guests and the houses for the public office are arranged to the east and the west. It is considered that there is certain functional parallel between Byungyoug Castle and Ulsan castle because there are no facilities for sacrificial rites no institutional budding.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.8-11
• /
• 2019

In this paper, a Ku-band 50-W internally-matched power amplifier is designed and fabricated using a CGHV1J070D GaN HEMT from Wolfspeed. To obtain the same magnitudes and phases for the output signals of the unit transistor cells, which constitute a power transistor, a slit pattern and an asymmetric T-junction are used in the input and output matching circuits. The internally-matched power amplifier is fabricated on two different thin-film substrates with relative dielectric constants of 40 and 9.8, respectively, and is measured under pulsed conditions with a pulse period of $330{\mu}s$ and a duty cycle of 6%. The measured results show a maximum output power of 50~73 W, a drain efficiency of 35.4~46.4%, and a power gain of 4.5~6.5 dB from 16.2 to 16.8 GHz.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.632-637
• /
• 2017

The vehicle lubricant occupies upto 35% in a total lubricant market and engine oil occupies upto 77% in the vehicle lubricant market in Korea. A suitable quality management of the circulating engine oil is necessary for driver and engine protection. But, KS and synthetic engine oil products (involved over 30% synthetic oil) are exempt to any quality management under Petroleum and Alternative Fuel Business Act. It is also known that synthetic oils such as PAO (poly alpha olefin) have excellent properties and performance like anti-wear, varnish control and oxidation stability than those of mineral oils. For this reason, PAO has been used for an engine oil, rotary screw and reciprocating compressor in addition to heavy duty and other extreme service applications. In this study, our research group analyzed the chromatogram pattern for the mineral oil, PAO and mineral oil involved a typical ratio of PAO using SIMDIST (simulated distillation). In the SIMDIST chromatogram, the mineral oil showed a broad peak, while PAO showed a sharp typical peak. Also the oil with a large viscosity grade exhibited a long retention time due to the heavy molecular weight and high boiling point. In particular, the blended mineral oil with 20% PAO sample showed a distinctly different pattern compared to that of using the conventional mineral oil. For monitoring PAO contents in distributing engine oils, we analyzed the SIMDIST for 27 kinds of engine oils which were popularly sold in Korea. The analytic results indicate that all kinds of engine oils showed that PAO contents were below 20% in engine oil products. Moreover, the PAO titled product was found to have a small amount of PAO. Thus, we conclude that the related laws for the proper quality management of synthetic oils are needed to be established.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.182-196
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic resources for developing a parish nursing program. We did this by investigating what demands were made on the parish nursing service by the parishes or churches under review. The subjects of this study were 96 pastors located throughout the City of Busan. NP (New paragraph) $\gg$ We conducted our research by utilizing a modified version of the study created by Hwang (2000) and by using the help of prior research and professionals gathered from the parish nurse questionnaire by Djupe (1990). The data in this study were collected from July 1 to Oct. 31, 2001, using the questionnaire method. The Data were analyzed by: (a) frequency: (b) percentage: (c) mean: (d) standard deviation, and x^2-test$ with SPSS/PC program. The study has found the follows: 1. For subjects making demands on the parish nursing service, 95.8% were in need of using the services of parish nurses. On the demands of parish nursing service for the subjects, 95.8% the necessity of parish nursing services. And they answered by their intention of asking for parish nursing service practice. 2. Of the subjects under review, 71.9% were part-time workers and 28.1% were full-time employees 71.9% of part time and 28.1% of full times duty. In terms of the method of pay for work, 41.8% were pay free or freelance while 51.2% were on salary. And engagement intention of parish nurse as preacher was 88.5%. 3. The demand for nursing services in various categories were as follows. (a) hospice care: (4.02 1.11), (b) health screening: (3.98 1.09), (c) home visiting: (3.97 1.16), (d) group health education: (3.81 1.12), (e) organization of volunteer groups: (3.75 1.12), (f) individual health education: (3.75 1.14), (g) advice on choosing hospital or hospital consultation: (3.69 1.21) and (h) individual counseling: (3.51 1.31). 4. In terms of the specific services rendered by parish nurses. our study found that services were needed for the following: physical symptom management; preparation before death in spiritual preparation for death, blood pressure check in health examination, home visiting where the patient makes phone call, management of chronic disease in group health education, disease management in individual health education, advice on choosing hospital, or hospital consultation: and physical problems in individual counseling. 5. With respect to whether there was a correlation between what church a pastor came from and the types of demands made, there was NO significant difference found. 6. In relation to the characteristics of the subjects and their church and the hope demands (duty pattern and method of payment and engagement intention of parish nurse as preacher) for parish nurses, these had non significant differences. In conclusion, the perception of parish nursing service is very high. Moreover, we found that there is a great demand for well ordered parish nursing services to promote the health of each congregation. Before doing so, it would be better to make things known and to consider the relevant characteristics shown in the researched results.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.1969-1980
• /
• 2013

The Traffic congestion is caused by the increasing traffic demand. Thus, economic losses have been increasing every year. To solve these problems, car sharing and rental car systems that are equipped with IT technologies emerge. Car sharing has many advantages-the alleviation of the traffic congestion, the saving of maintenance cost for cars, the reduction of car possessiveness, the solution for the hassle of car ownership, for business and personal duty, and the improvement of connectivity between public transportations-. The goal of the car sharing is to achieve low-carbon and eco-friendly transportation. In this study, we review papers related to the car sharing system and the cost system of traffic systems. We estimate the optimal cost of the cloud traffic system that is one of the car sharing services. We suggest a methodology to estimate operational cost and use cost through the analysis of cost system between similar traffic means. The range of the maximum and minimum cost was determined through the comparison and analysis of similar traffic means. Expected demand and the cost that people are willing to pay were estimated through optimized value pricing. The minimum cost per hour that was compared to the cost of rental car was estimated at 5,333 won and the maximum cost per hour that was compared to taxi cost was estimated at 17,700 won. The cost for users was estimated at 6,930 won. The cost of 50% demands was estimated at 6,550won. Future studies should analyze service hours of users, weather, demand pattern and trend and consider them into the cost estimation.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.127-138
• /
• 2001

I. introduction. A government goal at the present is established to make a welfare nation and to keep people's safe living, but it is criticised that when a large-scale disaster happens, the authority concerned could not deal with it, causing many people injured and material damage. Moreover, in these days, cities have many risk factors. extremely large and intelligent building, industrial facilities and underground equipment have many risk themselves along with scientific progress. The cope with disaster effectively, government must have efficient organization, skillful personnel, tool, facilities and so on. To reduce the damages, what's the most effective government organization\ulcorner II. Government organization for managing disaster In a few decades, a large-sized accidents broke out in korea, for example, collapse of Sampoong department store, break of Sungso bridge, explosion of Daegu city gas, gas explosion accident at Ahyon-dong etc. but government has not any adequate disaster response organization. Especially, after collapse of Sampoong department store broke out, Disaster Management Act is enacted to solve the past problem. According to Disaster management Act, disaster is limited in manmaid disaster. Therefore, in this thesis, disaster management is inspected theoretically, organization of disaster management for pattern of disaster, and role, duty of government organization, emergency relief organization system and actual conditions are analyzed. there are some problems. there are trials and errors. the government has changed the disaster management organization by the disaster management law. the organization consists of central and local government. but both of government do not work together harmoniously. in thesis, I would like to introduce the advanced nations disaster management organization, and study our central, local government organization. III. Conclusion Change and development of the government disaster management organization is the goal of this thesis. we have to increase public service in response and manage disaster. protecting civilian's life from the disaster is very important responsibility of government. there would be better way of government disaster management organization.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.169-174
• /
• 1988

The role of passive cell-mediated transfer of immunity against primary amoebic meningoen- cephalitis(PAME) in mice was studied. Waegleria fowleri, ITMAP 359, were cultured in CGVS medium. The ICR mice used were six week-old males of average weight of 15 g. Immunization was done by three intraperitoneal injections of $1{\times}10^6$ N. fowleri trophozoites at the interval of one week. Splenocytes were obtained from normal and immune mice spleens, and Ix107 cells were administered intraperitoneally into mice 3 days before challenge infection. Mice were infected intranasally with $7{\times}10^4$ N. fowleri trophozoites in a $3{\;}{\mu}l$ suspension under secobarbiturate anesthesia. Transplants of normal or immune splenocytes seem to alter the pattern of the PAME level- opment. The splenocytcs transferred from immune mice reduced the mortality rate in the JV. fowleri infected mice, as compared with the mice transferred with the same number of normal splenocytes or without splenocyte, The blastogenic response of the splenocytes to both lipopoly- saccharide and concanavalin A was elevated on duty 7 after infection the mice transinoculated with immune splenocytes. The serum antibody titers in the mice transferred with immune spleno- cytes were increased gradually from day 7 up to day 20 after infections by mean of ELISA. It is suggested that the transfer of splenocytes from immuniged mice conferred immunity against N. fowleri infection.