• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제47권7호
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• pp.435-443
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the centering ratio and reduction of canal curvature according to the preparation sizes of #30, #40 and #50 using three rotary NiTi instruments which have different shaft tapers. Seventy-two simulated root canals in clear resin blocks (Endo Training Bloc; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) were divided as following 3 groups according to the file system; the 24 canal blocks prepared with each of ProTaper Universal system (Group P), LightSpeed eXtra system (Group L), and K3 (Group K). The pre- and post-instrumented root canals were scanned and superimposed to evaluate and calculate the centering ratio and reduction of canal curvature. Mean scores of each group were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOV A and Duncan's multiple range test for post-hoc comparison. The results were as followings: 1. Group L showed better centering ratio, followed by K and P. And all experimental groups generally showed increasing tendency of centering ratio as the apical size was increasing from #30 to #50, except at 1 mm level of group P where showed reducing tendency of centering ratio. The smaller the ratio, the better the instrument remained centered in the canal. 2. Group P showed more decrease of canal curvature at all apical shaping size (p < 0.05). Under the conditions of this study, the shaft design could affect the quality of canal shaping and the smooth taperless flexible (LightSpeed) shaft design was capable of preparing canals with good morphological characteristics in curved canals.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.385-396
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• 2007

이 연구의 목적은 Mtwo 전동 파일의 사용에 있어서 제조사가 제안한 single length technique과 crown-down technique의 근관성형효율과 안전성을 비교하고 Mtwo 전동 파일의 변형된 사용방법을 제안하고자 하는 것이다. 기구의 종류와 사용방법에 따라 60개의 레진 블록 근관 모형 (Endo Training Bloc; Benstply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland)을 세 군으로 나누어 20개씩 표본을 성형하였다. MT군은 Mtwo 파일 (VDW, Munich, Germany)을 제조사의 추천방법인 single length technique으로, MC군은 Mtwo 파일을 crown-down technique으로 형성하였고, 대조군인 PT군은 ProTaper (Denstply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland)를 사용하였다. 모든 기구는 250 r.p.m., torque 2.2 N로 고정한 전동 모터 (X-smart; Denstply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland)로 사용하였다. 근관 성형 후, 스캐너로 근관 형성 전후의 이미지를 채득하여 중첩 비교함으로써 근단부로부터 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 mm 높이에서의 중심변위율을 산출하였다. 순수 기구조작 시간 및 기구조작 동안의 binding빈도를 기록하였다. 근관 성형 후, 레진 블록의 무게 감소를 측정하였고 근관 성형에 사용된 파일의 파절이나 변형 및 근관 성형 후 형태의 이상을 조사하였다. 세 실험군의 측정 및 산출된 자료를 일원배치 분산분석 및 Duncan's Multiple Range Test로 사후 검정을 시행하여 비교하였으며, Fisher's exact test으로 근관의 이형성, 기구의 변형 그리고 기구 binding 등 발생 빈도를 유의 확률 95%에서 통계 검정하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 근관의 만곡도 감소, 중심변위율, 레진 블록의 무게 감소, 기구 변형 등은 세 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다 (p > 0.05). 2. 기구 조작 시간은 보면 MT군과 MC군이 PT군보다 짧았다 (p < 0.05). 3. Elbow는 MT군이 MC군에서 PT군보다 더 많이 형성되었다 (p < 0.05). Ledge는 세 군 모두에서 나타나지 않았다. 4. 파일 binding 횟수는 MC군이 가장 적고 PT군이 가장 많았다 (p < 0.05). 이상의 결과를 볼 때, Mtwo 전동 파일을 crown-down technique으로 사용하는 것이 single length technique과 유사한 성형 효율을 보이면서도 더 안전할 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.745-754
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• 2010

This study is to find return factors when modern consumers purchase goods from an internet shopping mall and then to analyze the characteristics of complaints act and information search behavior. Subjects of research are 245 men and women, who have experience with more than one return in internet fashion shopping mall, in their twenties. The data were analyzed by using Factor analysis, Cronbach's analysis, one-way ANOVA, Duncan test as a post identification, Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study are that male and female consumers in their 20s are mainly aware of the return factors: impulse buying, product status, deliver service, service after purchase, hype and comfortableness. And complains behavior often conduct public action, private action, nonaction. Information search behaviors for risk reduction when they purchase are product comparison, oral information search, neutral marketing information search, and service information search. The return factor from the internet fashion shopping had the greatest impact on public action and deliver services factor was a big complaint. In addition, impulse buying & Hype affect private action and non-action is influenced by impulse purchase. The consumer types by the return factors in internet fashion shopping mall are classified into the return group by deliver service, the return group by complex factors, and the return group by product status. Furthermore, there are significant differences in complaining behavior among these groups. In the information search behavior for reduction of risk factors, the return group by complex factors did more active information search behavior than the other groups. The return group by deliver service searched oral information and the return group by product status explored the neutral marketing information.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2010

본 연구는 여러 레진 시멘트의 film thickness에 따른 상아질과 간접 레진 수복물 간의 미세인장 결합 강도를 측정하고, 각 레진 시멘트의 중합 수축 및 굴곡 강도, 탄성 계수를 비교 분석하며, 접착 계면 및 파단면의 주사전자 현미경 관찰을 통하여 레진 시멘트의 film thickness가 레진 간접 수복물의 접착 효율에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 시행하였다. 복합 레진형 레진 시멘트인 Variolink II와 Duo-Link, 접착형 레진 시멘트인 Panavia F와 Rely X Unicem의 4가지 레진 시멘트를 사용하였고, 각각의 시멘트를 film thickness에 따라 < $50\;{\mu}m$ (control)의 대조군과 $50\;{\mu}m$ (T50), $100\;{\mu}m$ (T100), $150\;{\mu}m$ (T150)의 실험군으로 나누어 총 16개의 군으로 분류하였다. 데이터는 ANOVA와 Duncan's multiple comparison test (p < 0.05)를 이용하여 통계 분석하였으며 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다; 1. Variolink Ⅱ는 모든 film thickness에서 접착형 레진 시멘트보다 높은 결합 강도를 나타냈지만(p < 0.05), Duo-Link는 대조군을 제외하고는 통계학적 유의차가 없었다(p > 0.05). 2. Film thickness가 증가할수록 복합 레진형 레진 시멘트의 결합 강도는 유의성 있게 감소(p < 0.05)하는 경향을 보인 반면, 접착형 레진 시멘트는 통계학적 유의차가 없었다(p > 0.05). 3. Panavia F는 통계학적으로 유의성 있게 낮은 중합 수축량을 나타냈다(p <0.05). 4. 굴곡 강도와 탄성 계수는 복합 레진형 레진 시멘트가 접착형 레진 시멘트보다 유의성 있게 높게 나타났다(p < 0.05). 5. FE-SEM 관찰 결과 결합 강도가 높은 복합 레진형 레진 시멘트는 균일한 접착층과 잘 발달된 resin tag 소견을 보였으나, 접착형 레진 시멘트는 불분명한 접착층과 resin tag 소견을 나타냈다. 파단면 관찰에서 복합 레진형 레진 시멘트는 혼합형 파괴 양상을 나타냈으나 접착형 레진 시멘트는 접착성 파괴 양상을 나타냈다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.382-390
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• 1999

In order to identify the responses of Korean soybean cultivars to sudden death syndrome (SDS), forty-two Korean cultivars and three check cultivars (Hartwig and PI 520733 are resistant; Hartz 6686 is susceptible) were tested with sorghum seed inoculum infested with Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines isolate 171 in the greenhouse. This isolate has blue pigment cultural shape on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. All Korean cultivars inoculated with F. solani isolate 171 showed the typical SDS symptoms and disease severity on soybean leaves in each cultivar varied at 4 weeks after inoculation. Nine cultivars were included in the most SDS susceptible group and six cultivars were included in the most susceptible group based on Duncan＇s multiple range tests (P$\leq$0.05). In results of the LSD analysis for SDS the resistant group, a total of twenty-five Korean cultivars were included in the same SDS resistant group as PI 520733 or Hartwig and fourteen Korean cultivars were included in the same SDS susceptible group as Hartz 6686. In the second experiment, ten Korean cultivars, ten U.S. cultivars, and one introduced line were compared in the same way as the first experiment Disease severity ranking of check cultivars, Hartwig, PI 520733, and Hartz 6686, were the same as in the first experiment. Within Korean cultivars, seven cultivars showed the consistent severity proportions of leaf symptoms. Disease rankings of these cultivars in this experiment were the same as those in the first experiment. Three US cultivars: Hartwig, Hartz 5454, and Forrest, three Korean cultivars： Keunolkong, Myeongjunamulkong, and Jinpumkong 2, and one introduced line, PI 520733, were included in the highest SDS resistant group. Shinphaldalkong 2, Milyang 87, and Samnamkong consistently showed the highest SDS susceptibility in both experiments. Average disease severity in the first and the second experiment were 49.56% and 45.39%, respectively.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제102권4호
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• pp.515-521
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• 2013

본 연구는 강원도 평창군 가리왕산 일대의 천연 활엽수림을 대상으로 택벌림화 작업, 이단림화 작업, 그리고 산벌림화 작업의 3가지 작업방법별 시업 전과 시업 후의 경쟁지수 변화를 평가함으로써 산림생태계 경영에 필요한 정보를 제공하기 위해 수행하였다. 이를 위해 $30m{\times}30m$(0.09 ha) 크기의 고정표본점을 각 작업방법별로 3반복으로 설치하고 시업 전과 시업 후의 정밀 임분조사를 실시하였다. 이와 같이 조사된 자료에 근거하여 Hegyi의 거리종속 경쟁지수를 추정하였으며, 경쟁목의 범위는 중심목의 지표로부터 $50^{\circ}$로 시준된 각도에 의해 경쟁목을 선정하는 방법을 사용하였다. 각 작업방법별 그리고 시업 전후의 임분구조 변화를 평가하기 위해 Duncan의 다중검정과 t-검정을 실시하였다. 작업방법별 시업전후의 경쟁지수를 분석한 결과 작업방법에 관계없이 시업을 통해 임분구조가 개선된 것으로 평가되었다. 또한 시업 전과 시업 후의 경쟁지수는 통계적인 차이를 보여 각 작업방법별 임분의 공간 구조는 시업을 통해 개선된 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.77-89
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• 2006

Objectives: Recent studies have shown that tailoring to women's individual beliefs and stage of cancer screening adoption increase the probability that cancer screening will ensue. To identify variables associated with cancer screening behavior, many studies for cancer screening have used the Transtheoretical Model(TTM). This study was carried out to identity the cognitive and behavioral factors associated with breast cancer screening by stages of change among women, forties aged. Methods: Building on the TTM constructs, we collected the data to test the association with cognitive and behavioral factors for breast cancer screening by stage of change among women, forties aged (N=232), using the self-reported questionnaire. The stages of change were grouped according to screening participation and intention for breast cancer as precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. We found out the association between breast cancer screening and cognitive and behavioral factors, and testified the difference between stages of change by chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple comparison analysis(Duncan test). Results: Analyses of 232 women showed that participation on mammography was 68.1% within lifetime and 46.1% within last 2 years, and we found out the association with breast cancer screening participation, intention and cognitive-behavioral factors. The stages of change based on participation and intention were different from the decisional balance, the screening attitude, and the self-efficacy(p<0.01). The decisional balance was differ from stages of change because the difference on opinions about pros(positives) and cons(negative) were likely to significant by stages of change(p<0.05, p<0.01). Conclusion: To increase the screening rate for breast cancer, it should be developed the tailored message and recommend guideline. And the tailored message should be designed to increase the pros of breast cancer screening(mammography) and to decrease the cons, and considered the woman's stage of adoption.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.73-80
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• 1992

This study was attempted to investigate the prevalence of anemia and to obtain nutritional education data for high school girls by analyzing the factors influencing on anemia. Total fo 113 subjects(21 female high school students in Seoul and 92 female students in Inchon) were participated in this study from July 1 to July 15, 1990. Hb and Hct values were measured to evaluate the iron status. Duncan's multiple range test were performed for the comparison between the mean values of the various group. Correlations among various factors were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. The maen Hb and Hct values were 13.2g/dl and 41.3%. The rate of anemia of the subjects was 5.3% by the criteria of Hb concentration and 2.7% by the Hct value according to World Health Organization. 2. Subjects who had an early menarche had significantly higher weight and triceps than the ones ofr the girls with a late menarche. 3. There were positive relationships among Hb and Hct values, ages of memarche and cycle of menstruation. Hb, Hct values were significantly higher in the subjects who had frequent bed time snack, high intakes of meats and fishes group and vitamin A, and low calcium intake. In conculsion, the prevalence of anemia of the subjects was much lower than the previous years. There were positive relationships among Hb and Hct values, age of menarche, night snack, and intakes of meats and fishes and fruits. Therefore, it could be concluded that nutrition education should be emphasized for the high school girls to improve the quality of diet and prevent anemia.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.127-140
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of sexual rehabilitation education on the knowledge and adjustment of sexual of spinal cord injury clients by the method of nonequivalant control group pretest-posttest group. The data were collected from Jan. 19 though Feb. 16, 2000. The experimental group was 26 spinal cord injury client from one rehabilitation center, and the control group was 26 spinal cord injury client from two rehabilitation center. Sexual rehabilitation education was done with manuals, videotapes and chart. Education time was 120 minutes a week for 2 weeks. The study tool was about Sexual Knowledge, designed Song, Chung Sook(1990) and SIAC(Sexual, Interest, Activity, & Satisfaction) designed Kruter, Sullivan, Siosteen(1994) translated by Kang, Hyun Sook, Koh, Jung Eun, Suh, Yeon Ok, Yee, Oon Hee(1999). The collected data were analyzed SPSS program. The Data were analyzed descriptive statistics and $X^2$ test, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, t-test, F-test (ANOVA), Duncan's multiple comparison test. The result were as follows. 1. The first hypothesis was accepted : The group educated about sexual rehabilitation has more sexual knowledge than those of the uneducated group(t = 7.412, p = .001). 2. The second hypothesis was accepted : The group educated about the sexual rehabilitation has more adjustment of sexual than those of the uneducated group(t = 5.524, p= .001). 3. The third hypothesis was accepted: The higher sexual knowledge state, the higher sexual adjustment(r= .449, p= .003). According to results, sexual rehabilitation education helps Spinal cord Injury Clients to gain knowledge and adjustment of sexual.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.24-33
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• 2005

Purpose: This cross-sectional study was to find out smoking condition, smoking related knowledge and attitudes of white color workers to provide baseline data which were to develope smoking cessation programs. Methods: The subjects were 303 workers in G-city. Data were collected from July 1st to Aug. 31st 2003 by self-reported questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple comparison test, using SAS-pc 8.0 version. Results: Average age of the laborers was 32.3 years, and 50.7% of male were smoking currently, and 2.4% of female were so. Starting age of smokers was average 20.1 and smoking period was average 12.4 years. Majority of smokers smoked more than one pack of cigarettes in a day. Average points of nicotine dependency was 3.9 out of 10 and 12.5% were more than 7. Those who wanted to 'quit smoking very soon' and 'decided to quit smoking right now' were 29.1%. But those who got any helps and advices from professional experts in smoking cessation were 6.4%. 83.5% of the smokers had tried to quit smoking but failed due to their stress(44.6%), lack of will(36.6%) etc. Laborers knowledge related smoking score were average 11points out of 15, and attitudes were average 75.7points out of 125. Smokers showed significantly low knowledge(p=.012), and more allowing attitudes(p=.001). Conclusions: The smoking cessation programs for the workers should consist of stress management skills, and strengthened willingness. And should be run the program for those who want to 'quit smoking very soon' and 'decided to quit smoking right now' first of all.