• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2003

This study investigated associations between nutrient intake, lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) , and bone mineral content (BMC) among 33 ovariectomized women (mean age =47.2 y) . Forty-five premenopausal women participated as a control group. The BMD and BMC of the lumbar spine (L$_2$-L$_4$) were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Nutrient intake was estimated by the convenient method and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire was designed for this study that included the most commonly consumed foods sources of calcium. Participants were asked to identify all daily physical activities, and the number of hours per activity. The participants were also grouped by calcium intake. The total calcium intake of all participants was estimated by dietary calcium intake and then the subjects were divided into quartiles to assess the lumbar BMD and BMC of the highest quartile and the lowest quartile of calcium intake. The ovariectomized women consumed 602 mg/d of calcium which is 86% of RDA. There were significant differences in lumbar BMD and BMC between control and ovariectomized group. Within ovariectomized group the highest quartile calcium intake group had significantly greater lumbar bone mineral density and bone mineral content than the lowest quartile calcium intake group. Correlation analysis revealed that the ALP was positively associated with calcium index in control women, while ALP was positively associated with energy intake in ovariectomized women. And body weight was positively correlated with the spinal BMD and BMC in all women. The spinal BMD was negatively associated with menarche age, number of child, and the age of last child delivery, and age in control women. However, neither menarche age nor the age of last child delivery were associated with both spinal BMD in ovariectomized women. These results confirmed that ovariectomized and low calcium intake is associated with poor bone mineral density. Energy and calcium intake and adequate body weight should be recommended in ovariectomized women to prevent osteoporosis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 2020

Corn silk (Okmi-su) was anciently adopted as a material for tea or beverage. Corn silk extracts (CSE) contain bioactive phytochemicals such as phenolic acid, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, tannins, and glycosides. Under the impact of these functional components, CSE has benefits for antioxidation, diuresis, anti-diabetes, and dyslipidemia recovery. Nonetheless, its role in whole-body adiposity was not investigated; therefore, the effects of CSE on obesity were evaluated in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Mice were assigned to either group (n=12); 1) normal diet (18% kcal from fat), 2) high-fat diet (45% kcal from fat, the control), 3) high-fat diet with CSE (800 mg/kg diet), and 4) high-fat diet with orlistat (500 mg/kg diet, a comparable control for weight loss). Our results showed that body weight, adiposity, and energy expenditure in obese mice were not altered by CSE. Lean body mass tended to decrease by CSE, which can be explained by stimulation of diuresis (p=0.06). In conclusion, our results suggest that dietary consumption of CSE does not influence the adiposity and underlying substrate utilization in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

• Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.194-199
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• 2018

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between the number of remaining natural teeth (NRT) and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) in older adults. Methods: This study was based on data from the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys. The participants were 2,378 older participants (984 men and 1,394 women) aged over 65 years. Survey dentists conducted oral health examinations, and ASM was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: The participants with $NRT{\geq}20$ had more ASM and SMI than those with NRT<20 in both sexes. SMI was correlated with NRT in men (r=0.018, p<0.001) and in women (r=-0.007, p<0.001). The positive correlation between the NRT and SMI remained significant in men even after adjusting for age, marital status, income, smoking, drinking, physical activity, protein intake, energy intake, calcium intake, body mass index, fasting blood glucose level, medications, and prostheses (${\beta}=0.011$, p=0.001). In women, the correlation disappeared after adjustment for smoking, alcohol, physical activity, protein intake, energy intake, calcium intake, marital status, income, fasting basal glucose, medication administration, and prostheses. Conclusion: This study showed a correlation between NRT and SMI in those ${\geq}65$ years of age in Korea. The relationship persisted in men, but not in women, even after adjusting for confounders.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2010

This study tested how S/N (Signal to Noise Ratio) ratios and ADC (apparent diffusion coefficient) values vary with different T-scores in a group of patients with osteoporosis. Based on DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) T-scores for L1.L4 for two groups of subjects consisting of 30 healthy people without osteoporosis and 30 patients who came for treatment of waist (lumbar or low back) pain and were suspected to have osteoporosis as judged from the simple X-ray findings, this study classified every spine into two groups of osteoporosis and osteopenia. Signal intensity measurements were made in the four regions of L1 to L4 on diffusion-weighted MR images obtained using 1.5T MR scanner, while ADC measurements were obtained from ADC map images. As an approach for quantitative analysis, the comparison of the variances in S/N ratios and ADC values for varying T-scores in the selected regions of interest was carried out based on averaged T-scores, S/N ratios, and ADC values. Also, the variances in S/N ratios and ADC values for each of the groups of osteoporosis and osteopenia, which were classified into by T-scores, were compared. For qualitative analysis, a careful naked eye examination of signal intensity differences in the area of L4 was made on T1-weighted sagittal images for each of the healthy (normal), osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups. In the qualitative analysis, it was found that for both the osteopenia group and the osteoporosis group, as T-scores deceased, the S/N ratios on diffusion-weighted MR images also decreased, with the greatest decrease in the S/N ratio found in the osteoporosis group. Additionally, among the three groups, the lowest S/N ratio was found in the osteoporosis group. With respect to ADC map, it was found that for both the osteopenia group and the osteoporosis group, as T-scores deceased, the ADC values on diffusion-weighted MR images also decreased, with the greatest decrease in the ADC values found in the osteoporosis group. Additionally, among the three groups, the lowest ADC value was found in the osteoporosis group. On the other hand, in the qualitative analysis, the osteoporosis group showed the highest signal intensity. Additionally, among the three groups, the lowest signal intensity was found in the healthy (normal) group. It was found that as osteoporosis progressed, S/N ratio and ADC decreased, whereas signal intensity increased on T1-weighted images. Also, in diagnosing osteoporosis, MRI tests turned out to be (more) effective.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The anti-obesity effect of quercetin-rich onion peel extract (OPE) was suggested in rats, but information from human studies is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of OPE on the body composition of overweight and obese subjects. MATERIALS/METHODS: In this 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, parallel clinical trials were performed in overweight and obese Korean subjects. Randomly assigned subjects were instructed to take daily either the placebo (male, 6 and female, 30) or OPE capsules containing 100 mg of quercetin (male, 5 and female, 31). Body composition was measured by using bioimpedance and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were evaluated by using indirect calorie measurement methods. Fasting blood levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, and leptin were determined. RESULTS: Quercetin-rich OPE supplementation significantly reduced the weight and percentage of body fat as measured by DXA (P = 0.02). These effects were not shown in the control group. Levels of blood glucose (P = 0.04) and leptin (P = 0.001 for placebo, P = 0.002 for OPE) decreased in both groups. Significant increases in REE and RQ were observed in both groups (P = 0.003 for placebo, P = 0.006 for OPE) and in the OPE group alone (P = 0.02), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Quercetin-rich OPE supplementation changed the body composition of the overweight and obese subjects. This result suggests a beneficial role of the anti-obesity effect of OPE human subjects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.132-142
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• 2004

Nutritional factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in the different age groups of Korean men were investigated to obtain baseline data for maintaining bone health. Information on diet and anthropometry was collected in 80 elementary school children, 83 high school students, 87 adults aged 25 to 35 years and 98 elderly people over 60 years of age. Data for food and nutrient intake were obtained by 24-hour recall method. BMDs of lumbar spine (L$_2$- L$_4$) and femoral neck were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The relationship between BMD and nutritional factors were analyzed. In the femoral neck, 5.7% of adults was classified as osteopenia and 47.9% and 37.8% of the elderly were classified as osteopenia and osteoporosis. It was shown that plant protein, Ca, p, Fe, thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin C intakes were related with BMD in all age groups. As for the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of nutrients, the lowest quartile group of BMD showed significantly lower MAR among children. The RDA percent of nutrients was a strong influential factor on BMD. Subjects who consumed below 75% of Korean RDA in energy, vitamin A, thiamin, and vitamin C showed lower BMD. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that MAR in children, vegetable Ca in adolescents, and vitamin C in adults and elderly people were the highest influential factor on BMD. Therefore, the above results demonstrated that not only calcium but also other nutrients such as protein, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and vitamin C were necessary in order to keep the healthy bone status. In addition, although there were various dietary factors that influenced bone density, MAR was identified as the major factor that affected bone density. Thus, a balanced diet that includes all nutrients is necessary for a healthy bone density. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2) : 132-142, 2004)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.460-466
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• 2006

To investigate the effects of dietary patterns on bone mineral density and its biochemical markers among Korean healthy college women for 2 years, 34 female college students were recruited through convenience sampling. Bone mineral density was measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) twice at baseline and two years later. Osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone were measured in fasting serum and N-teleopeptides of type collagen (NTx) in urine. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-hour recall method 8 times with average 4-month interval. Dietary patterns with percent energy of each food group using cluster analysis were classified into two groups. The first cluster (n = 16) was characterized with high consumption of bread, snack, fast foods, beverage and considerable of rice so it was determined as 'Modified dietary pattern group'. The second cluster was characterized with high consumption of rice and kimchi so determined as 'Traditional dietary pattern group'. There were no significant difference of age, menarcheal age, body mass index but percent of body fat by pattern groups. The traditional group showed higher value of bone mineral density among lumber spine and all femur sites at baseline and 2 years later but it was not significant after adjusted for percent of body fat. Serum osteocalcin and urine NTx was higher among the traditional group at baseline than the modified group. There were similar proportions of carbohydrate:fat:protein between groups but significantly higher intake of protein, iron, vitamin A among the traditional group. In conclusion, there were two distinctive dietary patterns among Korean college women. There was difference of bone mineral density and its biochemical markers between two patterns. Further research would be necessary to explore the relationship between dietary patterns and health risks for larger-sized and various populations.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.361-372
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the status of calcium intake and serum calcium level in perimenopausal women. The age distribution of the subjects was 49-55 years. Daily nutrient intake and dietary sources of calcium were analyzed by a convenient method and a food frequency questionnaire. At the same time, fasting blood samples were collected and serum calcium concentration was measured. The BMD of subjects was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Fifty percent of the subjects under 50 years of age ($\leq$49 yr group) and 66.9% of the subjects from 50 years and up ($\geq$50 yr group) were classified as osteopenia or osteoporosis. Intake of energy (p<0.001), protein (p<0.05), fat (p<0.05), calcium (p<0.01) was significantly different between $\leq$49 yr group and $\geq$50 yr group. Mean daily intake of calcium was much lower than the Korean RDA : 94.9% in $\leq$49 yr group and 87.4% in $\geq$50 yr group. The average concentration of total calcium in serum was within the normal range in $\leq$49 yr group. Serum calcium concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) different between $\leq$49 yr group and $\geq$50 yr group. It was noteworthy that serum calcium concentration was positively related to the intake of protein, fat and calcium. Lettuce, sea mustard, bean-curd, anchovy, radish and perilla leaf was included among the major sources of dietary calcium. Further investigation is necessary to make sure of the relations between BMD and serum calcium level and calcium intake.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.111-120
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• 2002

Postmenopausal women lose more bone mass than men as a result of estrogen deprivation. The resultant low bone mineral density (BMD) is a major risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are main components of bone. The purpose of this study is to investigate nutrient intake and serum osteocalcin, Ca, P and Mg and their correlation to bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women residing in rural areas. We conducted 24 hour dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements and blood analysis on 60 postmenopausal women. The BMD of the lumbar spine (L2$\rightarrow$L4) and the femoral neck were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Subjects were assigned to one of three groups:normal (T-score> -1, n=20), osteopenia (-2.5> T-score $\leq$ -1, n=23), and osteoporosis ( T-score $\leq$ -2.5, n=17). The mean age, height, weight and BMI were 62.37 yr, 154.36 cm, 55.28 kg and 23.18 $kg/m^2$ respectively. The mean daily energy and protein intakes were 76.35% and 87.41% of RDA for Koreans. The mean intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were 463.62 mg (66.23% of RDA), 955.32 mg (136.47% of RDA), 345.87 mg respectively. The mean serum levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were 8.76 mg/dl, 3.80 mg/dl, and 2.10 mg/dl, respectively, and there were no significant differences among the three groups. However, the BMD of the femoral neck showed a significantly negative correlation with serum magnesium (p<0.05). To summarize the results, most nutrient intakes (especially calcium) in postmenopausal women did not reach the RDA values for Koreans. Also, increase of serum magnesium levels may be related to bone loss.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.765-772
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• 2001

To delineate the relationship between the nutrient intake from diet and the serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism, 56 postmenopausal women of 50 to 77 years of age were recruited. The biochemical markers including osteocalcin, calcium, phosphorus, estradiol and free testosterone were measured in fasting blood. Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured also by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the nutrient intake of earth individual subject was estimated by 24-hour recall of 3 days. The age of the subjects was 64.8 $\pm$ 7.7 years, and the BMDs of the subject were 0.86 $\pm$ 0.26g/$cm^2$(Lumbar spine), 0.60 $\pm$ 0.10g/$cm^2$ (Femoral neck), 0.49 $\pm$ 0.10g/$cm^2$(Trochanter), and 0.41 $\pm$ 0.14g/$cm^2$(Ward's triangle). There were no significant differences among age and nutrient intake level groups due to the small sample size. The biochemical markers showed certain degree of relationship with nutrient intake levels. The results were compared among 3 groups with different nutrient intake level classified by the percentage of Recommended Daily Allowances(RDA) for Koreans as follows low < 75% RDA, 75% RDA $\leq$ adequate < 125% RDA, high $\geq$ 125% RDA. The low energy and low riboflavin groups showed significantly higher serum osteocalcin levels than those of the high intake groups(p < 0.05). On the other hand, there was a trend for serum Ca level to be higher with high nutrient intake. In this case, protein and thiamin were the only nutrients that reached a statistical significance(p < 0.05). And the groups with low intake for protein and Ca showed significantly lower serum free testosterone levels than that of other intake groups(p < 0.05). This study suggests an important role of nutrient intake levels on blood biochemical markers of bone metabolism.