• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.71-86
• /
• 2022

This study examines the process of the introduction of stupa, which has originated in India, to the Xinjiang Uyghur region and the features of the stupas in the Xinjiang Uyghur region in detail. This study examines the layout of the buildings in temple compounds and the types, structural elements, and construction methods of the stupas in the Xinjiang Uyghur region in particular by looking into the content of the Da Tang Xi Yu Ji and remaining stupas, which provide examples of stupas at the time. This study finds that due to the characteristics of dry deserts, stupas in Xinjiang Uyghur region, where assimilation between Eastern and Western cultures is seen, were mostly made by pressing clay into a mold and had no interior spaces. Also, construction materials and techniques had been developed and improved in a way that enabled stupas to combat the challenging desert conditions. However, the stupas in this region differed significantly from the wooden tower-like stupas discovered in central China(zhongyuan 中原). The shape of the dome of most stupas in Xinjiang Uyghur region was chosen under the influence of the Gandharan style. Some of the stupas in the region have taken the general forms of the wooden stupas and the others have taken many forms, from cylindrical drums to towers. Also, there have been forests of stupas and stupas similar in form to chaityas and stupas of Vajrayana. Such different forms were transformed and modified through regional history and it was related to the peoples and cultures that produced and used stupas. Stupas evolved into distinct forms in Xinjiang Uyghur region in this way.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.3-11
• /
• 1989

This study was carried out to investigate the physical and mechanical properties. durability of adhesive bond and paint film for the basic data which were required to determine the suitability as a raw material for furniture the laminated veneer lumber (LVL) with pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill). The results obtained were as follows; 1) The proper pressing time for making the LVL was over 45 second per milimeter of LVL thickness. 2) The bending strength of the LVL was lower than that of the solid wood but the compressive strength of the LVL was similar to that of the solid wood. The strength increased with the decrease of veneer thickness. 3) The impact bending absorbed energy of the LVL was 0 to 0.3 kg.m/$cm^2$ in the direction of parallel to the grain. The energy of the LVL was lower than that of the solid wood (0.68 kg.m/$cm^2$). 4) In warm water soaking and cold-dry tests, delamination of adhered layers surface crack, swelling, and color change were not found when the hot pressing time was over 45 second per milimeter of LVL thickness. As a result of soak under vacuum test shrinkage in the direction of parallel to the grain was about -1.0 percent and. was about 3.0 percent in the direction of the perpendicular to the grain. 6) The film cacks on the LVL's surface after the wet and cold-dry test were not found at all. 7) In the use of the LVL for interior decoration it was considered that the surface of the LVL be overlaid crossly with fancy veneers of birch and paulownia, etc. This cross overlayirg methods have resulted in few cracks on the fancy veneer.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.245-250
• /
• 1977

Experiment were conducted to find out the effective drying method of citrus peel produced in Korea by varying the temperature of hot air, surface area of peels, peels from several citrus varieties and physicochemical treatment of the peel. 1. About $3{\sim}6\;days$ were required to reduce the moisture level of the peel from 70%(wet basis) to 20% at room temperature without forced convection. 2. Drying was speeded up until the temperature of hot air reached $60^{\circ}C$. Beyond that no significant increase in drying rate was observed. About 50 minutes were needed to reduce the moisture level (dry basis) to below 10% at $60^{\circ}C$ by forced convection 3. When the peel surface area was increased twice by cutting the peel into 256 fractions, the overall drying time (the time required to reduce the moisture level to 10%, dry basis) was shortened to 15 minutes from 50 mintes of the original peel. 4. No significant difference in drying rate was observed among the peels from several citrus varieties except Shaddock jabon and Citrus ponki tanaka, which dried more slowly than others. 5. Treatment of $Ca(OH)_2$ and the pressing of the peel before drying were effective in drying only when the initial moisture content was substantially higher.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2005.06a
• /
• pp.306-309
• /
• 2005

One of the most critical issues in sol id oxide fuel cell (SOFC)running on hydrocarbon fuels is the risk of carbon formation from the fuel gas. The simple method to reduce the risk of carbon formation from the reactions is to add steam to the fuel stream, leading to the carbon gasification react ion. However, the addition of steam to fuel is not appropriate for the auxiliary power unit (APU) and potable power generation (PPG) systems due to an increase of complexity and bulkiness. In this regard, many researchers have focused on so-called 'direct methane' operation of SOFC, which works with dry methane without coking. However, coking can be suppressed only by the operation with a high current density, which may be a drawback especially for the APU and PPG systems. The single chamber fuel cell (SC-SOFC) is a novel simplification of the conventional SOFC into which a premixed fuel/air mixture is introduced. It relies on the selectivity of the anode and cathode catalysts to generate a chemical potential gradient across the cell. Moreover it allows compact and seal-free stack design. In this study, we fabricated honeycomb type mixed-gas fuel cell (MGFC) which has advantages of stacking to the axial direction and increasing volume power density. Honeycomb-structured SOFC with four channels was prepared by dry pressing method. Two alternative channels were coated with electrolyte and cathode slurry in order to make cathodic reaction sites. We will discuss that the anode supported honeycomb type cell running on mixed gas condition.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.186-191
• /
• 2006

Prunus mume is extensively cultivated as a fruit and medicinal plant in Korea. Recently, prunus mume has a pressing problem with an increase of prunus mume cultivation area in southern part in Korea. Chemical properties of prunus mume flower to determine the optimum processing varieties for tea were investigated. Three kinds of samples treated with fresh, freeze dry and shade dry were used. The content of moisture, crude ash, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and nitrogen free extract of prunus mume flower varieties were to $82{\sim}85%,\;0.2{\sim}0.6%,\;2.5{\sim}3.1%,\;2.5{\sim}3.1%,\;0.6{\sim}0.8%\;and\;10{\sim}11%$ respectively. The main component of free sugars in prunus mume flower was glucose and those of organic acids were citric and malic acids. 17 kinds of amino acids were determined from prunus mume flower. The total amino acid contents of Cheongchuk, Baeagaha and Goseong were 760.47 mg%, 624.01 mg% and 807.41 mg%, respectively. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine were the major component in 3 cultivars. The content of K was much higher than Ca, Mg, Na, fe and Zn. The major fatty acids of prunus mume flower were myristic acid, palmitoleic acid me oleic acid. As a result of analysis, there were no significant differences among the three cultivars of prunus mume flower and drying method.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.439-444
• /
• 1990

Fourteen varieties of soybeans grown in Korea were investigated for their chemical composition, yields and organoleptic properties of soybean curd. The soybean curd was prepared by soaking, grinding and heating of soybeans followed by filtration, coagulation with $CaSO_4$ and pressing. The proximate analysis showed that soybean curd had the moisture content of $75.0{\sim}82.0%\;and\;48.6{\sim}56.1%\;protein,\;14.8{\sim}40.4%\;lipids\;and\;6.4{\sim}26.8%$ carbohydrate by dry weight basis. The yield of volume total solids and protein from 100g of soybeans were $182.2{\sim}227.5cm^3,\;42.65{\sim}55.60%\;and\; 57.90{\sim}76.50%$, respectively. Among the 14 varieties, the highest volume yield was obtained from Suwon-141 which has the highest contents of moisture, carbohydrate and the lowest in lipids of soybean curd. The curd prepared with Baegun and Jangyeob contained relatively low values in moisture, protein and carbohydrate and yielded the lowest in volume yield. Therefor moisture, protein and carbohydrate contents in soybean curd affected greatly on volume yield. The organoleptic properties of odor and taste couldn't find any significant relationship with chemical composition of soybean curd eventhough there were some difference in their intensities among varieties.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.42 no.3 s.274
• /
• pp.193-197
• /
• 2005

Wall and floor tiles were fabricated by a dry pressing method using waste glass and clay. The physical properties of the tiles such as absorption, bulk density, porosity, compressive strength, and abrasion loss are investigated with the firing temperature and glass contents. The physical properties are improved with increasing the firing temperature and glass contents. The composition containing the glass of $70 wt%$ and fired at $1050^{\circ}C$ for 2 h has the good properties. The optimal properties obtained in the tiles are the water absorprion of about $0.9\%$, the bulk density of about $2.3\;g/cm^3$, the apparent porosity of about $2.1 \%$, the compressive strength of about 210 MPa, and the abrasion loss of about 0.022 g, when the composition containing the glass of $70\;wt\%$ is fired at $1050^{\circ}C$. The physical proper1ies of tiles fabricated were enhanced compared to the commercial clay tiles, due to easy melting and densification of glassy phase during the firing process.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.69-76
• /
• 2017

In the Korea, 80 percent of livestock manure were converted into compost and used as organic fertilizers. The livestock manure compost has two types of powder and pellet type (ID= 5~10 mm). The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of two types of cow manure compost pellet (cylinder and sphere type). Nitrogen concentrations of cylinder type and sphere type of compost pellets were 1.23 and 1.24%, respectively. There were similar with nitrogen concentration of cylinder and sphere types of compost pellets. As a result of analyzing the effect of granulation processing, it was found that the moisture content of the raw material was the most influential factor in the granulation processing in both of the processing types of the screw pressing method and the rotating cylinder method. When the cylinder and sphere types of compost pellets were dry to 20% of moisture content, the specific gravities of these compost pellets were 1.38 and 1.13, respectively. The compressive strength of cylinder type pellet and sphere type pellet were 27.6 and $11.3kg/cm^2$, respectively.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.65-80
• /
• 1989

About Oui-Ga-Sil(胃家實) in order to considerate the contents recorded in Nai-Gyung Sang-Han-Lon and latter literature, definition, etiopathology, syndrome, differential diagnosis, therapy, Prognosis and prevention were classified. And the results were as follows: 1. Oui-Ga(胃家)was a term which indicated the whole digestive system such as stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Sil(實)could be defined as the peculiar concept pertaining to the acute and last stage which was invaded to inside bowels because of abundance with evil influence. 2. Eliology of Oui-Ga-Sil was abunt gastric fever originally, injured mucus because of mistreatment, the invasion to inside of outside evil influence through meridian. Pathology was the opening and shutting appearance of gastric abundance with intestinal emptiness, and intestinal abundance with gastric emptiness, Oui-Ga-Sil could be occurred because of gastric abundant dryness and splenic humidifying capacity decrease. 3. Symptom of Oui-Ga-Sil was classified as for the sunlight outside syndrome and the inside abundant syndrome. The sunlight outside syndrome was body fever, sweating, no chilling, on the contrary hatred of fever. The chief complaint of inside abundant syndrome was daily fever, talking in delirium, hand and foot sweating, abdominal distention, difficult defection and those could be pertained to sunlight bowel syndrome. 4. Diagnostic views of Oui-Ga-Sil were that pulse was descending abundant large strong and smooth quick, a coated tongue was yellow, deep yellow, old yellow, thick, scorching dry rough or gray black. On abdominal diagnosis, pressing by hand, patient was conscious of pain, excessive pain, rejection against press, impossible press or intermittent abdominal pain and bowel cutting pain without press. 5. Differential diagnosis was that the sunlight of Nai-Gyung-Fever-Theory was outside desease making meridian the prime object, Baik-Ho-Tang syndrome was making figureless abundant fever the pivotal point. And important differential standard of splenic shrink syndrome was that a daily fever, an irritation with fever were not occurred. 6. Theory of Oui-Ga-Sil was that Seng-Gi-Tang classes had been used in attacking downward or making balance, and moxibustion on Jung-Wan, honey boiling induction theory had been also used. Attacking downward therapy was invigorating method to preserve mucus, and if mucus had been exausted with complicating emptiness prognosis had been appeared badly. 7. Preventing from Oui-Ga-Sil diet by rule, fitness to cold and warmth may be needed to prevent outside evil influence attack and inside evil influence occurrence. Prudence with being very busy, fatigue, wine and woman may be also needed not to be an injury to splanic and gastric spirit.

• Food Engineering Progress
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.359-366
• /
• 2010

Large-scale preparation steps of antithrombotic materials from wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricular-judae) were established as follows. Grounded dry wood ear mushroom was extracted with 75% ethanol and its precipitate was extracted with $76^{\circ}C$ water for 2 hr followed by filter pressing. The filtrate was then concentrated by vacuum and extracted with 80% ethanol, and the resulting precipitate was then freeze-dried. The formula of the product was determined using consumer susceptibility tests as follows; mushroom extract 90.5%, high fructose corn syrup 2.0%, $\beta$-cyclodextrin 1.5%, fructo-oligosaccharide 2.0%, pear puree 4.0%. When the packed products were stored at 25, 37, or $45^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks, there were no noticeable changes in water activity, moisture content, pH, and acidity. The viable cell number of total bacteria was slightly increased during the storage period at 25 and $37^{\circ}C$, The total bacteria were not detected in the product when stored at $45^{\circ}C$. When the product was injected intravenously into rat at the level of 1,000 mg/kg, antithrombotic activities such as activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, prothrombin time, and FIB were increased when compared with the control group. When the product was administrated orally into rat at the level of 500 mg/kg, it showed the same antiplatelet activity to aspirin.