• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 1991

Seasonal patterns of decomposition and nutrient release from the needle litter were examined using litter-bags in coastal Pinus thunbergii forests in nothern Kyushu, Japan. Dry matter losses from decomposing needle litter were smillar in all standsover a experimental period. Mass loss in dry weight is lost rapidly during the first year, and thereafter the rate of loss slows. Litter lost approximately 40% of initial mass in 1 yr. The predicted decay constant, k values ranged from 0.5 to 0.6 Decomposition half-times($t_{0.50}$) ranged from 1.1 to 1.4 year. In the decomposing needle litter, the concentrations of N and P generally increased with time while the concentration of K decreased. A decrease in absolute amount was noted for K during decomposition while in an increase was found for N. The order of mobility of elements was K>P>N. Mineralization phase of N had not appeared during the experiment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.973-979
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• 2005

The present study was planned to examine the effect of different feeding regimens on milk urea concentration and milk protein concentration. The objectives are to describe the diurnal variations of milk urea (MU) concentration and to predict plasma urea (PU) concentration from MU concentration. Six lactating Murrah buffaloes were distributed in two groups and were fed two different diets in a crossover design. The diets consisted of leguminous crops as diet 1 (berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum)+concentrate mixture 1+wheat straw)) and non-leguminous crops as diet 2 (oats (Avana sativa)+concentrate mixture 2+wheat straw). All the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Each diet was fed to the animals for a period of 28 days, followed by a 10 day gap to obviate the carry over effect of the previous diet and then a switch over to the other diet. Digestibility trials were conducted on the last 7 days of each feeding period. Milk samples were collected on day 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24 and 28 of the feeding period and blood samples were collected on the same day at morning within 30 minutes after morning milking. The average milk urea (MU) values (mg/dl) differed significantly (p<0.01) and were 44.83${\pm}$0.62 and 42.53${\pm}$0.73, respectively, for diets 1 and 2. Milk urea concentrations (mg/dl) also varied (p 0.01) among the days of feeding period, but were stabilized after 10th day of feeding period. In contrast, diets and days of feeding period had no significant effect on percent milk protein. Plasma urea concentration showed a significant (p<0.01) positive correlation (r = 0.93) with MU concentration. To predict the PU from MU the following equation was developed 'PU = 10.67${\pm}$0.76${\times}$MU (mg/dl) with $R^2$ = 0.87'. A clear diurnal variation of MU was found with lowered morning value (42.04${\pm}$0.68 mg/dl) than the evening value (45.32${\pm}$0.66 mg/dl). Present findings suggested that MU or PU concentration could be used as an indicator to monitor the feeding strategy. Plasma urea can be predicted from MU, whenever interpretation of milk urea data required consideration of diurnal variation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.395-400
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• 1993

Four sheep per treatment were fed either control or 3% calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA) in a total mixed ration (TMR). Feed and free water intakes were not different, but digestibilities of crude protein and crude fiber were lower (p<0.05) and that of crude fat was higher (p<0.05) for sheep fed Ca-LCFA than for control sheep. Dry matter digestibility, ruminal pH and microbial protein yield were not different between treatments and ammonia-N concentration in the rumen was higher for sheep fed Ca-LCFA than for control sheep. A 60-day milk production trial was conducted with thirty lactation Holstein cows. Fifteen cows per treatment were fed TMR containing either control or 3% Ca-LCFA ad libitum. Feed intake was not different between treatments, but milk yield was significantly higher (p<0.05) for cows fed Ca-LCFA than for control cows. Milk fat percentage was slightly higher and milk protein was lower for cows fed Ca-LCFA than for control cows. Lactose and total solid contents in milk were not different between treatments.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2014

The effect of thermal pretreatment conditions on hydrolysis characteristics of dairy manure and sawdust mixtures has been evaluated. Thermal pretreatment temperature varied between 35 and $120^{\circ}C$ and the period of the treatment changed between 30 and 1440min (24h). As thermal pretreatment temperature and duration increased, organic material solublization rates were improved. Maximum solubilizations of chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), carbohydrates, and volatile fatty acids(VFAs) were observed when dairy manure treated for one day at $120^{\circ}C$. Although one day treatment duration at $120^{\circ}C$ showed the highest SCOD, soluble carbohydrates, and VFAs concentration, its hydrolysis rate was only about 12%. The results reveal that the thermal pretreatment conditions tried in this study are not enough to solubilize the organic matter contained in dairy manure and sawdust mixtures. In order to maximize hydrolysis performance, the further research needs to determine the factors influences on organic material solubilization in addition to thermal pretreatment temperature and duration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.531-536
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• 1999

This study was conducted to compare the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or LAB+cellulases on the cell wall compositions and the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of Rhodesgrass (RG) and Italian ryegrass (IRG) silages. LAB (Lactobacillus cassei) at a concentration of $10{\times}10^5\;cfu.g^{-1}$ fresh forage was added to all ensiling samples (except the untreated control) of RG and IRG. The cellulases used were Acremoniumcellulase (A), Meicelase (M) or a mixture of both (AM). Each cellulase was applied at levels of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 % fresh sample. The samples were incubated at 20, 30 and $40^{\circ}C$ for about 2 months of storage. LAB inoculation did not affect cell wall components or IVDMD of both the RG and IRG silages, but LAB+cellulase treatments did. Increasing the amount of cellulase addition resulted in further decreases of cell wall concentrations. This reduction more markedly occurred with cellulases A and AM than it did with cellulase M. Cell wall components losses were higher in the IRG silages than in the RG silages. LAB+cellulase treatments decreased IVDMD of the RG silages, but had no effect on the IRG silages. The different effect of LAB+cellulase treatments on cell wall degradation and IVDMD of the RG and IRG silages suggested that RG contains more structural carbohydrates, which were difficult to degrade with cellulase, than did IRG.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.544-547
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• 1999

The object of this study was to determine the influence of monensin and virginiamycin (VM) on in vitro ruminal fermentation of rice straw or ammoniated rice straw. Rumen fluid was collected from 4 wethers fed 200 g of concentrate supplement with 400 g of untreated (U) or ammoniated (A) rice straw once daily for 28 days. Mixed ruminal microorganisms were incubated in anaerobic media that contained 20% (vol/vol) ruminal fluid and 0.3 g of either U or A rice straw. Monensin and/or VM, dissolved in ethanol, were added in centrifuge tubes at final concentrations of 0, 15, 30, 15+15 and 30+30 ppm of culture fluid. The addition of monensin and VM combination to A rice straw fermentation decreased (p<0.05) the acetate to propionate ratio, total VFA and lactate production, but increased (p<0.05) pH. Total gas production tended to be decreased by the addition of monensin plus VM. Antimicrobial agents decreased $NH_3$ N concentration and dry matter digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.946-951
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• 2011

The study was conducted to evaluate enzose (corn dextrose), a corn milling byproduct, as substitute for corn grain as energy in growing lambs. Five iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated. The control diet (E0) had no enzose whereas enzose replaced 20, 40, 60 and 80% corn grain in E20, E40, E60 and E80 diets on the basis of energy supply, respectively. Fifty growing lambs were divided into 5 groups, 10 animals in each, in a randomized complete block design. Nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fibre) intake and digestibilities increased with gradual replacement of corn grain by enzose. Lambs fed E80 diet also retained higher nitrogen (N) than those fed E0 diet. Plasma glucose, $T_3$ and $T_4$ increased while urea N decreased in lambs receiving higher enzose content. Maximum weight gain was recorded in lambs fed diets containing maximum concentration of E as a replacement for corn grains. A better feed conversion ratio was recorded in lambs fed E80 compared with those fed E0 diet. The study suggests that enzose can be used as an economical feed ingredient to replace corn grain upto 80%, without any adverse effects on growth performance of growing lambs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.225-236
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• 1987

This study was performed to investigate the effects of lead poisoning and different levels of dietary lipid on lead and lipid metabolism in the rats. Forty eight male weanling rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 73.1$\pm$11.1g were blocked into 6 groups according to body weight. Dietary lipid were given at the lev딘 of 5, 20 and 40% of total caloric intake and lead were either administered or not. The results obtained are summerized as follows ; 1) Food intake, weight gain, F.E.R. liver and epididymal. fat pad weights, weight and length of bone, hematocrit and hemoglobin content in Pb-adminstered groups were lower than these in Pb-free groups. 2) Plasma lipid and cholesterol levels were tended to be higher in Pb-administered groups than in Pb-free groups, while liver lipid and cholesterol levels were tended to be lower in Pb-adminstered groups. 3) Fecal dry matter excretion was tended to be higher in Pb-adminstered groups than in Pb-free groups, and were increased with increasing dietary lipid level. Daily fecal excretions of lipid and cholesterol were higher in high lipid groups than in low lipid groups and these levels were even higher in the animals exposed to Pb than in Pb-free groups. 4) Pb contents in blood, liver, kidney and bone were significantly higher in Pb administered groups than in Pb-free groups. Pb levels of blood, liver and bone did not show any significant difference among groups with different levels of dietary lipid, but Pb concentration in kidney of Pb-adminstered groups increased with increasing dietary lipid level.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.737-748
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• 2010

Glutaminase production in Zygosaccharomyces rouxii by solid-state fermentation (SSF) is detailed. Substrates screening showed best results with oatmeal (OM) and wheatbran (WB). Furthermore, a 1:1 combination of OM:WB gave 0.614 units/gds with artificial sea water as a moistening agent. Evaluation of additional carbon, nitrogen, amino acids, and minerals supplementation was done. A central composite design was employed to investigate the effects of four variables (viz., moisture content, glucose, corn steep liquor, and glutamine) on production. A 4-fold increase in enzyme production was obtained. Studies were undertaken to analyze the time-course model, the microbial growth, and nutrient utilization during SSF. A logistic equation ($R^2$=0.8973), describing the growth model of Z. rouxii, was obtained with maximum values of ${\mu}_m$ and $X_m$ at $0.326h^{-1}$ and 7.35% of dry matter weight loss, respectively. A goodfit model to describe utilization of total carbohydrate ($R^2$=0.9906) and nitrogen concentration ($R^2$=0.9869) with time was obtained. The model was used successfully to predict enzyme production ($R^2$=0.7950).

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 1974

Studies on the optimum conditions of acid hydrolysis of sweet potato starch cake and its utilization on the production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a carbon source were conducted and the results showed as follows; 1.The highest hydrolysis rate, 62.7 ％ of the reducing sugar based on the weight of the dry matter, was obtained when the starch cake was hydrolyzed with 1.0％ of hydrochloric acid at 2.0 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 30 minutes. 2. But the yeast grew most favorably on the hydrolyzate obtained by treating the starch cake with 0.5％ of hydrochloric acid at 2.0 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 10 minutes. Reducing sugar content of hydrolyzate was 51.4％. 3. The optimum pH of the culture medium was 7.0, Cell growth reached to the maximum at 36 hours of cultivation time. 4. According to the vitamin requirement tests, Ca-pantothenate was found to be a promoting factor for the growth of the yeast cells. 5. "Gluten acid hydrolyzate" was most effective to the cell growth when added to the medium at the concentration of 0.1％ as a nitrogen source. 6. Sacch. cerevisiae could assimilate the sugars in the hydrolyzate about 89.1％, and the yields of the yeast cells showed 23.2mg/ml of culture medium.