• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2003

Objective:To find out the optimal assessment that can relieve amenorrhea associated with risperidone. Methods:Sixteen female outpatients who have taken risperidone for more than 3 months reported voluntarily amenorrhea during Nov 2001 to May 2002. Since the reports of the amenorrhea, the resolution of amenorrhea has been prospectively followed during the next six months. The dosage of risperidone was reduced or discontinued in nine of sixteen patients, while risperidone was switched to olanzapine or quetiapine in other 7 patients according to the clinician's decision. Results:Fourteen of 16 patients showed higher levels of prolactin than normal level. Five patients of the risperidone-reduction group recovered from the amenorrhea while all subjects of the drug-switch group recovered. The resolved patients of the former group recovered from amenorrhea in the dosage below 3mg per day of risperidone. Two patients of the risperidone-reduction group were dropped out during the reduction. Conclusion:These findings suggest that risperidone-induced amenorrhea may be alleviated by reducing dosage to less 3mg per day(including discontinuation) or by switching to other antipsychotic drugs. Whether we would choose which method depends on patient's clinical status, diagnosis, and dose of medication and so on.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.55-68
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• 2008

Background: Microglia produces a barrage of factors (IL-l, TNF-$\alpha$, NO, superoxide) that are toxic to neurons and playa major role in the cellular immune response associated with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease(AD). OJaJiHwangEumJa(OJJHEJ) has been usually used for the treatment of senile disorders. For enhancing efficacy and convenience, the change of the drug delivery device of oriental herbal medicine is required. Objective: This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the OJJHEJ hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on proinflammatory cytokine of microglia and memory deficit model. Method: The effects of the OJJHEJ hot water extract on production of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS) were investigated. The effects of the OJJHEJ hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on the behavior of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine and AChE in serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine were investigated. Results: 1. The OJJHEJ hot water extract suppressed the production of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ in BV2 microglial cell line and the production of IL-6 was suppressed significantly. 2. The OJJHEJ hot water extract & ultra-fine powder decreased AChE significantly in the serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine. 3. The OJJHEJ hot water extract & ultra-fine powder groups showed significantly inhibitory effect on the scopolamine-induced impairment of memory in the experiment of Morris water maze. Conclusions: This experiment shows that the OJJHEJ hot water extract & ultra-fine powder might be effective for the prevention and treatment of memory impairment diseases. Investigation into the clinical use of the OJJHEJ hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.587-599
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• 2017

The immune response against Trichinella spiralis at the intestinal level depends on the $CD4^+$ T cells, which can both suppress or promote the inflammatory response through the synthesis of diverse cytokines. During the intestinal phase, the immune response is mixed (Th1/Th2) with the initial predominance of the Th1 response and the subsequent domination of Th2 response, which favor the development of intestinal pathology. In this context, the glucocorticoids (GC) are the pharmacotherapy for the intestinal inflammatory response in trichinellosis. However, its therapeutic use is limited, since studies have shown that treatment with GC suppresses the host immune system, favoring T. spiralis infection. In the search for novel pharmacological strategies that inhibit the Th1 immune response (proinflammatory) and assist the host against T. spiralis infection, recent studies showed that resiniferatoxin (RTX) had anti-inflammatory activity, which decreased the serum levels of IL-12, $INF-{\gamma}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NO, and $PGE_2$, as well the number of eosinophils in the blood, associated with decreased intestinal pathology and muscle parasite burden. These researches demonstrate that RTX is capable to inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines, contributing to the defense against T. spiralis infection, which places it as a new potential drug modulator of the immune response.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 2016

Erythema nodosum (EN) is a painful skin disease characterized by erythematous tender nodules located predominantly over the extensor aspects of the legs. Various etiological factors, including infection, drug administration, and systemic illness have been implicated as causes of EN. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of rare infectious agents to cause EN in children. We report a case of a 7-year-old boy with context of respiratory illness and skin lesions with arthralgia. From stepwise approaches, IgM antibody against M. pneumoniae was positive with titers of 12.18, consistent with respiratory infection of M. pneumoniae and histopathology showed findings of septal and lobular inflammation without vasculitis consistent with EN. In addition, we reviewed the pathogenesis of this disease based on our case and the previous reports.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 1997

Helicobacter pylori(HP) has been implicated as the cause of acute and chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. To date the most successful treatment in eradicating HP is known to be the combination of two or more antibiotics with an anti-ulcer drug. In this study, in vitro antimicrobial activity against two was assessed, when proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), omeprazole and lansoprazole, were added to antibiotics at different concentrations. The assays in the absence of PPIs gave minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) value of 0.63 mg/l for amoxicillin, 4 mg/l for tetracycline, 0.08 mg/l for clarithromycin and 0.16 mg/l for azithromycin. At the concentrations of 125 mg/l, 25 mg/1 and 0.5 mg/l of omeprazole, and the concentrations of 31.25 mg/l, 6.25 mg/l and 1 mg/l of lansoprazole, the MICs of clarithromycin and azithromycin were reduced by $50\%$. Also, lansoprazole at the highest concentration 31.25 mg/l reduced the MIC of amoxicillin by $50\%$, and omeprazole at the highest concentration of 125 mg/l reduced the MIC of tetracycline by $50\%$. In conclusion, the in vitro combination of PPIs and antibiotics led to improvement in the MIC of antibiotics against HP associated gastric disease.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.170-187
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• 2011

Background : Obesity, the syndrome caused by a high fat diet, is a disease. At the same time, obesity causes diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Recently, its prevalence rate is increasing. Yagwan-cheunghyeoltang (YCT) used in this experiment is the prescription of Yagwanmoon added to Cheunghyeol-tang which is reported to be very effective in weight loss controlling and serum cholesterol. It is also reported that Yagwanmoon has significant antioxidant effects and YCT has a significant effect on blood glucose control. Objectives : This study was conducted to experimentally evaluate the effects of YCT on obesity in rats induced by high fat diet. Methods : The experiment was conducted with 4-week-old male rat s divided into 5 groups. They were a normal diet group, a high fat diet group, a positive drug control group, a 1% YCT group, and a YCT 3% group, and were tested for eight weeks. After four weeks of inducing obesity by a high fat diet, rats were allowed to lose weight by following the normal diet group, approximately 30% compared with 10 rats in each group were determined as still obese. Changes in body weight and organ weight and serum cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose-density, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, antioxidant activity were checked. Results : In the experimental groups, we observed weight loss and visceral fat reduction, improvement of liver function, reduction of serum glucose, activation of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, reduction of concentrations of leptin and it showed a significant effect on antioxidants and lipid peroxidation. Conclusions : YCT has significant effects on the regulation of hyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation associated with obesity and has significant effects on, antioxidants and lipid peroxidation, too. Additional clinical studies are needed.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 2008

Diospyros peregrina Gurke. (Ebenaceae) is a small middle sized tree grows luxuriantly in the plains of costal West Bengal, India. The objective of the study was to explore the antidiabetic activity of methanol extract of matured fruits of Diospyros peregrina to substantiate the folklore claim of traditional practitioners. It was also aimed to establish correlation with reduction of oxidative state associated with diabetes. Methanol extract of matured fruits of Diospyros peregrina was administered orally at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight for 12 consecutive days to normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Fasting blood glucose level was estimated in both normal and diabetic rats while serum lipid profiles, liver glycogen level and pancreatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evaluated for diabetic rats. Initial and final changes in body weight were also recorded. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed during the course of study. Experimental findings showed significant antidiabetic potential of extract in term of reduction of fasting blood glucose level of both normal and diabetic rats. It was found that extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight is more effective and percentage reduction (55.64) of elevated blood glucose level is comparable to that of standard drug glibenclamide (60.60) at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Observed data found statistically significant in reduction of serum lipid and pancreatic TBARS levels whilst improvement was observed in liver glycogen level and body weight profiles in extract treated diabetic rats.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.313-325
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• 2020

Objectives : To explore the associated potential pathways and molecular targets of Hwangryunhaedok-tang(HHT) by the approaches of network pharmacology and bioinformatics in traditional chinese medicine(TCM). Methods : Hwangryunhaedok-tang constituent drugs(Coptidis Rhizoma, CR; Scutellariae Radix, SR; Phellodendri Cortex, PC; Gardeniae Fructus, GF) and their processing types were searched from TCM systems pharmacology(TCMSP). The databases of TCMSP, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG), MCODE and STRING were used to gather information. The network of bioactive ingredients and target gene was constructed by Cytoscape software(version 3.8). Results : A total of 94 HHT active compounds(CR, 12; SR, 35; PC, 33; GF, 14, respectively) were found, and HHT were identified by TCMSP. Applications of KEGG and MCODE analysis indicates that total of 6 bioactive ingredients in the top 10% ranking were obtained and 32 diseases of HHT were screened. The molecular pathway analysis revealed that HHT exerts cancer, inflammation and cerebrovascular diseases effects by acting on several signaling pathway. In addition, HHT found that three genes(e.g. SPIN1, TRIM25, and APP) correlate with the aforementioned diseases. Conclusions : This study showed that network pharmacology analysis is useful to elucidate the complex mechanisms of action of HHT.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.74-84
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• 2011

Objectives: Palmul-tang (hachimotsu-to in Japanese and bawu-tang in Chinese) is a mixture of eight herbs. It is traditionally used for the treatment of anemia, anorexia, general weakness, and female infertility in China, Japan, and Korea. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Palmul-tang water extract (PTE) against ethanol-induced acute gastric injury in rats. Material and Methods: Acute gastric lesions were induced by intragastric administration of 5mL/kg body weight of absolute ethanol to each rat. Control group rats were given PBS orally and the ethanol group (EtOH group) received absolute ethanol (5mL/kg) by oral gavage. The positive control group and the PTE group were given oral doses of omeprazole (50mg/kg) or PTE (400mg/kg), respectively, 2 h prior to the administration of absolute ethanol. The stomach of each animal was excised and examined for gastric mucosal lesions. To confirm the protective effects of PTE, we evaluated the degree of lipid peroxidation, the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in the stomach. Results: PTE reduced ethanol-induced hemorrhage and hyperemia in the gastric mucosa. PTE reduced the increase in lipid peroxidation associated with ethanol-induced acute gastric lesions and increased mucosal GSH content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion: These results indicate that PTE protects gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced acute gastric injury by increasing antioxidant status. We suggest that PTE could be developed as an effective drug for the treatment of acute gastric injury.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 2001

The human papillomavirus E7 protein can form a specific complex with a retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product (p105-Rb) that results in the release of the E2F transcription factor, which is critical for the growth-deregulation and transforming properties of the viral E7 oncoprotein. In an attempt to apply interaction between the E7 oncoprotein and a target cellular protein Rb for an in vitro screening system for drugs against human papillomavirus infection, we primarily investigated the E7Rb binding through a pull down assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The pull down assay showed that both glutathione S-transferase-tagged E7 and His-tagged E7 immobilized on resins specifically produced complexes with bacterially expressed Rb in a dose-dependent manner, as determined by immunoblot analyses. This result coincided with that of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which is a useful system for the mass screening of potential drugs. Taken together, this screening system (based on the interaction between E7 and Rb) can be a promising system in the development of drugs against cervical cancers caused by human papillomavirus infection.