• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2006

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method was developed for the determination of formaldehyde in urine and saliva. In a 20 mL glass tube, 0.2 mL of urine or saliva was taken. Further, 1.8 mL of 0.1 M HCl, 0.1 mL of 2,000 mg/L 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine and $20{\mu}l$ of 500 mg/L acetone-$d_6$ as internal standard were added in the tube and sealed tightly with cap. The solution was shaken for 20 min at room temperature and extracted using 4 mL of toluene. The extract was concentrated and redissolved with $100{\mu}l$ of acetonitrile, and then measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (selected ion monitoring). The detection limit was 2.0 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/mL in saliva and urine, respectively. The calibration curves showed good linearity with r = 0.997 and 0.998 for saliva and urine, respectively. The method was used to analyze formaldehyde in rat urine after oral exposure. The developed method may be use ful to the monitoring for formaldehyde exposure in human.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.445-448
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• 2011

Mortality associated with maxillofacial infection is relatively low due to the development of antibiotics, and improved oral care. However, inappropriate treatment, delayed treatment, old age, underlying systemic disease, and drug-resistant microorganisms can potentially result in life threatening situations such as cavernous sinus thrombosis, mediastinitis, and sepsis. Sepsis is the most dangerous state with high mortality, ranging from 20~60%. The treatment of sepsis involves properly monitoring vital functions, fluid resuscitation, surgical drainage, and empirical use of high doses of antibiotics until culture results are available. Ventilatory support maybe be required as well. We encountered a 64-year-old patient who died from sepsis that developed as the result of an odontogenic infection. The initial diagnosis was right temporal, infraorbital, buccal, pterygomandibular space abscess. Despite surgical and medical supportive care, the condition progressed to sepsis and after four days the patient died due to multiple organ failure.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.684-689
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• 2006

This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of domestic and imported packaged Kimchi in Korea. Six types of domestic and imported Kimchi were collected from a supermarket. According to the results, the salt concentrations of the domestic and imported Kimchi were 3.83% and 3.06%, respectively. The total lactic acid content was 0.33% for domestic Kimchi, and 0.29% for imported Kimchi. The total vitamin C content was found to be higher in the domestic Kimchi (30.9mg%) than in the imported Kimchi(25.9mg%). These results suggest that both are within the standards of the Korea Food and Drug Administration in terms of food containment: 1% or lower for acid, and $1{\sim}4%$ for salt. For the number of aerobic bacteria present in each of them, both contain approximately $10^4{\sim}10^5\;CFU/g$g, which is safely under the FDA standard of $10^7{\sim}10^8 \;CFU/g$. Therefore, neither is harmful at all in terms of the number of bacteria but continuous monitoring will be necessary. from texture analysis, the hardness and chewiness of the domestic Kimchi was better than the imported Kimchi. The hardness and chewiness of the domestic Kimchi indicated a better production process than imported Kimchi. There may not be a particular difference in terms of the sensory evaluation apart from its crispy taste. However, this also needs to be continuously monitored while the Kimchi is undergoing the fermentation process.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2009

A simple and sensitive method for erythromycin quantification by liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in fishery products was developed. Samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction using 70% acetonitrile. Lipids were removed by acetonitrile saturated hexane. LC separation was performed on a Shiseido UG C-18 column ($150\;mm{\times}2.0\;mm$ internal diameter.) with a gradient system of 0.2% acetic acid-acetonitrile containing 0.2% acetic acid as a mobile phase at flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The mass spectrometer was operated in selected reaction monitoring with positive electro-spray interface. Transitions were monitored a m/z $734{\to}577$ and $734{\to}158$, with m/z $734{\to}577$ chosen for quantification. Recovery of erythromycin from fish and shrimp fortified at the 10 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL were 91.6-109.4%, 84.4-111.2% and 98.8-109.6% with high precision, respectively. Limits of quantification and limits of detection of erythromycin in both fish and shrimp were 10.0 ng/mL and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. This analysis method for erythromycin has been proposed for registration in the Korean Official Methods of Food Analysis and has been utilized for fishery products analysis by the Korea Food and Drug Adminstration and the National Fisheries Products Quality Inspection Service.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.51-63
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• 1997

The effect of cimetidine administration on the pharmacokinetic parameters of cyclosporine were determined in healthy voluteers. This study was performed in 10 volunteers of age ranged 22-48 years and body weight 48-62 kg. This study was performed with cross-over design. Mono cyclosporine and cyclosporine metabolites was extracted from whole blood analysed by fluororescence polarization immune assay (TDX-FLX, Abbott). After coadministration of cimetidine (300 mg) with cyclosporine (300 mg) orally, maximum concentration of mono cyclosporine was significantly increased $1221{\pm}143\;ng/ml\;to\;1562{\pm}184\;ng/ml$ (P<0.05), area under the time curve of cyclosporine (12 hr) also was significantly increased $7478{\pm}829\;ng/ml{\cdot}hr\;to\;9721{\pm}879\;ng/ml{\cdot}hr$ (P<0.05) and absolute baioavailability of cyclosporine was increased $50\pm5.6\%\;to\;57.6\pm6.1\%\;(P<0.05)$ compared to control group. The blood concentrations of cyclopsorine metabolites were significantly decrased (P<0.05) after coadministration of cimetidine. In cimetidine pretreated group, blood mono cyclosporine concentrations were increased significan시y $1220.0\pm203.00\;ng/ml\;to\;1510.0\pm204.00\;ng/ml$ compared with control group (P<0.05). In the mono cyclosporine pharmacokinetic parameter after oral administration absorption rate and maximum concentration were significantly higher in cimetidine coadministered and pretreated group than control group (P<0.05). The ratio of metabolites and mono cyclosporine concentrations was decreased significantly from $70.8\%\;in\;control\;to\;34.8\%$ in coadministration of cimetidine orally. As matter of facts these reults are considered to inhibition of cyclosporine hepatic metabolism and increasing of cyclosporine absorption rate in gastrointestinal tract because of maintaining cyclosporine stability in elevated gastric pH by cimetidine. We considered, it appeares that cimetidine increase bioavailability of cyclosporine by increasing oral absorption and by decreasing hepatic clearance. But the absorption and clearance of cyclosporine was highly variable individually, and therefore we consider that cyclosporine blood level monitoring would be essential in patients with cimetidine co-administration.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2010

Patterning bacteria and cells on substrates has potential applications in molecular biology, antimicrobial drug screening, environmental monitoring and tissue engineering. We developed a technique to deposit two-dimensional array of bacterial cells onto an agar plate by modifying commercially available thermal inkjet printers. The concentration of the bacterial solution in the cartridge was carefully determined to ensure a single cell suspension in a droplet ejected from a nozzle. We measured quantitatively the effects of the bacterial concentration and the agar concentration on patterning performance. Bacterial patterning by inkjet printer is a low-cost and versatile technique which may replace the existing sophisticated methods.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.65-77
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• 2005

Present article reviews about clinical pharmacology of mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active form of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), as widely used component of immunosuppressive regimens in the organ transplantation field. MMF, used alone or concomitantly with cyclosporine or tacrolimus, has approved in reducing the incidence of acute rejection and has gained widespread use in solid organ such as kidney, heart and liver transplantation. The application of MPA and development of MMF has shown a considerable impact on immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplantation as a new immunosuppressive agent with different mechanism of action from other drugs after early 1990s. In particular aspect, use of MMF, a morpholinoethyl ester of MPA, represented a significant advance in the prevention of organ allograft rejection as well as allograft and patient survival. In considering MMF clinical data, it is important to note that there is a strong correlation between high MPA area under curve(AUC) values and a low probability of acute allograft rejection. Individual trials have shown that MMF is generally well tolerated and revealed that MMF decreased the relative risk of developing chronic allograft rejection compared with azathioprine. Recent clinical investigations suggested that improved effectiveness and tolerability will results from the incorporation of MPA therapeutic drug monitoring into routine clinical practice, providing effective MMF dose individualization in renal and heart transplant patients. Therefore, MMF has a selective immunosuppressive effect with minimal toxicity and has shown to be more effective that other agents as next step of immunosuppressive agents and regimens that deliver effective graft protection and immunosuppression along with a more favorable side effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1162-1168
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• 2004

In this study, based on SSOP (Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure) for HACCP in Food Sanitation Act, essential facility, equipment and documentary records for HACCP implementation were identified. Usage and adoption of these devices at Korea Food ＆ Drug Administration appointed HACCP foodservices ("Appointed"), voluntary HACCP applying foodservices ("Voluntary applying") and HACCP non-applying foodservices ("Non-applying") have been compared. Total 46 contract foodservices were surveyed： 13 "Appointed" (65％ of nation-wide all appointed food services in February, 2002),17 "Voluntary applying" and 16 "Non-applying". For usage and adoption of facility and equipment, 18 out of total 27 surveying items showed significant differences at the three foodservice groups (p＜0.01 or p＜0.05). Specifically, following items showed lower usage than 70％ in the "Appointed"： ′A trench including grease trap′, ′3-compartment sink with hot water′. Regarding CCP monitoring tool installation, 8 out of total 9 items showed significant differences among the groups (p＜0.01 or p＜0.05). For the usage of 10 documentary recording items for HACCP application log, 7 items showed significant differences among the groups (p＜0.01 or p＜0.05). Resultantly, most of those essential facilities, equipment and documentary records ;were used only in the "Appointed". The limited usages of those were showed for the "Voluntary applying" where the dietitian answered they applied HACCP voluntarily. The "Non-applying" didn′t have many surveyed items.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1991

Tobramycin is one of the most frequently selected agents for pharmacokinetic drug monitoring because of its narrow therapeutic index and essential role for the management of serious infections, especially gram-negative infections. Its pharmacokinetic parameters are dependent on race, sex, age, ideal body weight. disease states, and etc. Therefore, to schedule the dosing of tobramycin, the individual pharmacokinetic parameters such as half-life and volume of distribution are needed. However, these pharmacokinetic parameters have never been reported in Koreans. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the volume of distribution of tobramycin in cancer patients who had normal renal function, to compare the mean values of Vd reported in the literature, and to compare the measured half-life with the expected half-life based on ABW, LBW, and IBW, respectively. Venous blood samples were collected just before and thirty minutes after dosing during steady state. Serum tobramycin concentrations were determined by $TD_x$ (fluorescence immunoassay). IBW were measured by the method of Devine: and LBW were measured by the method of Hallynck. Creatinine clearances (CLcr) of the patients were estimated using the Cockcroft and Gault equation. Elimination rate constants (kel) were determined using the Welling and Craig equation. Infusion rate (ko), volume of distribution (Vd), and half-life $(t_{1/2})$ were determined using the Saw chuk and Zaske equation. The volume of distribution Was $27\%$ greater than the Schentag's study (0.26 vs 0.33 l/kg), but the half-life was similar to the Levy's study. The predicted half-lives based on IBW were the closest to actual half-lives (1.85 vs 2.01 hr).

• Toxicological Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2010

Many studies have reported that bleomycin, anti-cancer drug, induces pulmonary fibrosis as a side effect. However, few investigations have focused on the dose-response effects of bleomycin on pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of different doses of bleomycin in male mice. ICR mice were given 3 consecutive doses of bleomycin: 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg in bleomycin-treated (BT) groups and saline only in vehicle control (VC) groups. The animals were sacrificed at 7 and 24 days postinstillation. The severity of pulmonary fibrosis was evaluated according to inflammatory cell count and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissues were histologically evaluated after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and Masson's trichrome staining. BT groups exhibited changed cellular profiles in BAL fluid compared to the VC group, which had an increased number of total cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes and a modest increase in the number of macrophages at 7 days post-bleomycin instillation. Moreover, BT groups showed a dose-dependent increase in LDH levels and inflammatory cell counts. However, at 24 days after treatment, collagen deposition, interstitial thickening, and granulomatous lesions were observed in the alveolar spaces in addition to a decrease in inflammatory cells. These results indicate that pulmonary fibrosis induced by 4 mg/kg bleomycin was more severe than that induced by 1 or 2 mg/kg. These data will be utilized in experimental animal models and as basic data to evaluate therapeutic candidates through non-invasive monitoring using the pulmonary fibrosis mouse model established in this study.