• 중환자간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2013

Purpose: This study to describe experiences of nurses who work in intensive care units (ICUs) where they frequently encounter patients with attempted suicide by drug ingestion. Methods: Data were collected by 2 focus group interviews with 9 ICU nurses. The interview were recorded and transcribed, and data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The results of data analysis, five themes were drawn: 'Confusion about for the attempted suicidal patient care', 'Helplessness for dying with attempted suicidal patients', 'Guilty for insufficient care', 'Ambivalence for the attempted suicidal patients', 'Recognition of need for professional approach'. Conclusion: The results of this study help us to understand patients who attempted suicide through the ICU nurses' experience. It would be useful to develop effective education programs for ICU nurses to preventive strategies for patients who are high risk of recurrence of suicidal crisis situation.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.88-96
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• 2010

Purpose: Doxylamine is antihistamine drug that is used as a hypnotic. It is also used for suicidal attempts because it can be easily purchased at the pharmacy without a prescription. There were many articles about the complications after doxylamine intoxication such as a rhabdomyolysis, but only a few articles have reported on seizure. We reviewed the cases of doxylamine intoxication with seizure that were treated in the emergency department. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of the patients who were over 15 years old and who were intoxicated by doxylamine at 3 emergency medical centers from January 2006 to June 2010. We reviewed the patients' age, gender, the dose of doxylamine ingested, if gastrointestinal decontamination was done, the time from intoxication to hospital arrival, the seizure history, treatment of seizure, the electroencephalography (EEG) results, the brain computed tomography (CT) results and the blood test results. Results: There were 168 patients who were intoxicated by doxylamine during the study period. Twelve patients had a seizure episode. The differences between the patients who developed seizure and the patients who did not were the dose and the serum levels of sodium and creatinine. The only clinically meaningful difference was the amount of doxylamine. The amount of doxylamine ingested (>29 mg/kg) predicted the development of seizure with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 92% on the ROC curve. One patient among the seizure patients expired in the emergency department. Conclusion: In case of doxylamine intoxicated patients, there is close relationship between seizure and ingested amount, so close observation needs to be done for the patients who ingest too much because doxylamine can cause death. Further prospective studies are needed for doxylamine intoxicated patients with a seizure episode.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.35-38
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• 2014

Phentermine has been widely used as an appetite suppressant since 2004 in Korea. The authors experienced two cases of acute phentermine overdose and report with the literature review. A 36-year-old man and a 24-year-old woman presented together to the emergency department with taking 13 tablets (390 mg) of phentermine 16 hours ago. They had tachycardia, hypertension and complained visual symptoms, nausea, insomnia and anxiety. These symptoms were resolved by conservative management.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.267-273
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• 1998

Pretreatment of acidic polysaccharide of Korean red ginseng (AcPS) for two weeks remarkably lowered the elevated content of lipid peroxide and levels of aminotransferases, sorbitol dehydrogenase, ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in liver intoxicated by acetaminophen (AA) . Pretreatments of AcPS also strengthen the liver function of glutathione related detoxication system indicated by glutathione contents and activities of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reeducates which were affected by AA treatments. Activity of ${\gamma}$-glutamylcysteine syntheses was not changed by AcPS pretreatment whereas the activity of flu tathione reeducates was increased significantly. These results collectively indicate that the treatments of AcPS can promote the metabolism of lipid and reduce the production of peroxide in acetaminophen-intoxicated animals.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.150-154
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• 1999

This study was designed to examine the therapeutic effect of Italian honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom in piglets with bacterial diarrhea. Preweaning piglets were assigned to treated and nontreated control groups. In treated group, 47 piglets were given natural honeybee venom once a day for 3 consecutive days. The natural honeybees were stung acupoints of GV-1 (Jiao-Chao, at the indentation between the base of tail and the anus) and ST-25 (Hai-men, about 1 cm lateral to the umbilicus). In control group, 44 piglets were intramuscularly injected with a standard dosage of colistin sulfate (300,000 IU/kg of body weight) and antid-iarrheal drug (berberine, 2 ml/kg) once a day for 3 consecutive days. At post-treatment, 90.9% of control piglets and 93.6 % of piglets in treated group recovered from bacterial diarrhea. Bee acupuncture therapy did not show in piglets without any side effects such as allergy, intoxication, hemorrhage, or infection. It might be concluded that honeybee venom therapy was effective in controlling of piglets with bacterial diarrhea.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.61-71
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• 2011

Substance addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by a vicious cycle composed of intoxication, craving/anticipation, withdrawal, and response inhibition/bingeing. Here we summarize the findings from neuroimaging studies in addiction according to these behavioral components and suggest the integrated neurobiological model of drug addiction and related brain correlates. The roles of various prefrontal regions, thalamus, memory circuit, anterior cingulated, and insula were also suggested in addition to those of classical mesolimbic dopaminergic system and its responsivity. Limited studies of behavioral addiction demonstrated a similarity with substance addiction on the neurobiological basis. Based on the current understanding of neurobiology of addiction, further researches on interactions of behavioral components and their brain correlates, behavioral addiction, and therapeutic applications will be desired.

• 생약학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.112-115
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• 1982

Alisol A monoacetate, alisol B monoacetate, alisol C monoacetate and alisol B were isolated from Alismatis Rhizoma, which is a herbal drug used frequently in the oriental prescriptions. Potential liver-protective activities of the isolated alisol compounds were evaluated against $CCl_4-induced$ liver damage. The results obtained from liver microsomal enzyme assay, measurement of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (EC 2.6.1.2) and serum triglyceride content indicated that alisol A,B and C monoacetates showed significant liver-protective activities against $CCl_4$ poisoning. Alisol B monoacetate exhibited slightly higher activity than that of alisol B.

• 생약학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.35-37
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• 1971

In oriental drug therapy it has been considered by experience that the intoxication of alkaloids may be controlled by some drugs, and this was not based on scientific evidence. These drugs would contain saponins, as saponins are widely distributed in many vegetable drugs and, therefore, the present experiment was undertaken to find out if effects of saponin on the extracting process of aconite alkaloids could decrease the amount of the alkaloids. The data obtained in the extractions using various concentrations of saponin solution, show a decrease in alkaloid extract, suggesting that saponin forms a less soluble complex with the alkaloids or acts as a detergent.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and the adverse events of high dose insulin/euglycemia therapy in acute calcium channel blocker (CCB) poisoning. Methods: We developed a systematic search strategy and applied it to 4 electronic reference databases. We searched medical journals as well as the bibliographies of relevant articles. All forms of literature relevant to human use of high dose insulin for acute CCB poisoning were included. The literature search was conducted by two investigators in August, 2015 with publication language restricted to English and Korean. Case reports were divided between CCB overdose alone and multi-drug overdose including CCB. The effect and adverse event of high dose insulin and clinical outcome of each case were analyzed. Results: Among 55 searched studies, 20 studies were included. A prospective study, a retrospective study, a systematic review study, and 17 case reports were identified. Case reports consisted of 11 CCB alone and 12 multidrug overdose cases including CCB. Although most cases described significant clinical improvements, one of them showed no beneficial effect. Several adverse events including hypoglycemia and hypokalemia were reported. No significant sequalae from adverse events was reported. Conclusion: Although there were many case reports demonstrating successful use of high dose insulin for CCB poisoning, the effect cannot be estimated due to a possibility of publication bias. Therefore, high dose insulin/euglycemia therapy might be considered adjunctive therapy in cases of CCB intoxication refractory for standard therapy.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.379-388
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• 2018

Background: Ginsenosides are the main ingredients of Korean Red Ginseng. They have extensively been studied for their beneficial value in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the multitarget effects of Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRGE) with various components are unclear. Methods: We investigated the multitarget activities of KRGE on neurological dysfunction and neurotoxicity in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD. KRGE (37.5 mg/ kg/day, 75 mg/kg/day, or 150 mg/kg/day, per os (p.o.)) was given daily before or after MPTP intoxication. Results: Pretreatment with 150 mg/kg/day KRGE produced the greatest positive effect on motor dysfunction as assessed using rotarod, pole, and nesting tests, and on the survival rate. KRGE displayed a wide therapeutic time window. These effects were related to reductions in the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dopaminergic neurons, apoptosis, microglial activation, and activation of inflammatory factors in the substantia nigra pars compacta and/or striatum after MPTP intoxication. In addition, pretreatment with KRGE activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathways and inhibited phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways, as well as blocked the alteration of blood-brain barrier integrity. Conclusion: These results suggest that KRGE may effectively reduce MPTP-induced neurotoxicity with a wide therapeutic time window through multitarget effects including antiapoptosis, antiinflammation, antioxidant, and maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity. KRGE has potential as a multitarget drug or functional food for safe preventive and therapeutic strategies for PD.